Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Germany Weather Records in 2022

10,812 weather records set or tied in Germany in 2022, by type, with the calendar of record highs and lows and the records that still stand.

Key Facts for Germany in 2022

  • 10,812 weather records were set or tied in Germany in 2022.
  • 7,403 were record highs and 1,155 were record lows, counting maximum and minimum temperature.
  • 12,544 records set in 2022 still stand in Germany.

Records per Year, by Type

2022 outlined
Weather records per year in Germany, stacked by type, 2022 outlined Records set or tied in Germany each year from 1854 to 2026, stacked by type. 2022 had 10,812. 010,00020,00030,0001854, Highest daily maximum: 91854, Lowest daily maximum: 71854, Highest daily minimum: 121854, Lowest daily minimum: 111855, Highest daily maximum: 31855, Lowest daily maximum: 171855, Highest daily minimum: 111855, Lowest daily minimum: 171856, Highest daily maximum: 71856, Lowest daily maximum: 51856, Highest daily minimum: 131856, Lowest daily minimum: 151857, Highest daily maximum: 101857, Lowest daily maximum: 41857, Highest daily minimum: 51857, Lowest daily minimum: 91857, Heaviest daily rainfall: 101858, Highest daily maximum: 61858, Lowest daily maximum: 131858, Highest daily minimum: 21858, Lowest daily minimum: 211858, Heaviest daily rainfall: 81859, Highest daily maximum: 111859, Lowest daily maximum: 31859, Highest daily minimum: 131859, Lowest daily minimum: 41859, Heaviest daily rainfall: 111860, Highest daily maximum: 41860, Lowest daily maximum: 111860, Highest daily minimum: 61860, Lowest daily minimum: 51860, Heaviest daily rainfall: 81861, Highest daily maximum: 111861, Lowest daily maximum: 111861, Highest daily minimum: 61861, Lowest daily minimum: 141861, Heaviest daily rainfall: 41862, Highest daily maximum: 161862, Lowest daily maximum: 41862, Highest daily minimum: 171862, Lowest daily minimum: 41862, Heaviest daily rainfall: 141863, Highest daily maximum: 91863, Lowest daily maximum: 51863, Highest daily minimum: 41863, Lowest daily minimum: 51863, Heaviest daily rainfall: 171864, Highest daily maximum: 21864, Lowest daily maximum: 161864, Highest daily minimum: 31864, Lowest daily minimum: 141864, Heaviest daily rainfall: 51865, Highest daily maximum: 121865, Lowest daily maximum: 101865, Highest daily minimum: 51865, Lowest daily minimum: 151865, Heaviest daily rainfall: 101866, Highest daily maximum: 121866, Lowest daily maximum: 41866, Highest daily minimum: 61866, Lowest daily minimum: 181866, Heaviest daily rainfall: 111867, Highest daily maximum: 121867, Lowest daily maximum: 151867, Highest daily minimum: 91867, Lowest daily minimum: 61867, Heaviest daily rainfall: 81868, Highest daily maximum: 161868, Lowest daily maximum: 11868, Highest daily minimum: 191868, Lowest daily minimum: 61868, Heaviest daily rainfall: 161869, Highest daily maximum: 161869, Lowest daily maximum: 81869, Highest daily minimum: 61869, Lowest daily minimum: 81869, Heaviest daily rainfall: 81871, Highest daily maximum: 121871, Lowest daily maximum: 131871, Highest daily minimum: 41871, Lowest daily minimum: 111872, Highest daily maximum: 151872, Highest daily minimum: 111872, Lowest daily minimum: 41873, Highest daily maximum: 41873, Highest daily minimum: 71873, Lowest daily minimum: 21874, Highest daily maximum: 101874, Lowest daily maximum: 31874, Highest daily minimum: 71874, Lowest daily minimum: 21875, Highest daily maximum: 31875, Lowest daily maximum: 31875, Highest daily minimum: 11875, Lowest daily minimum: 21878, Highest daily maximum: 61878, Lowest daily maximum: 11878, Heaviest daily rainfall: 61879, Highest daily maximum: 101879, Lowest daily maximum: 51879, Highest daily minimum: 31879, Lowest daily minimum: 231879, Heaviest daily rainfall: 121880, Highest daily maximum: 141880, Lowest daily maximum: 21880, Highest daily minimum: 41880, Lowest daily minimum: 91880, Heaviest daily rainfall: 101881, Highest daily maximum: 141881, Lowest daily maximum: 101881, Highest daily minimum: 41881, Lowest daily minimum: 171881, Heaviest daily rainfall: 71882, Highest daily maximum: 121882, Lowest daily maximum: 31882, Highest daily minimum: 51882, Lowest daily minimum: 51882, Heaviest daily rainfall: 141883, Highest daily maximum: 81883, Lowest daily maximum: 21883, Highest daily minimum: 41883, Lowest daily minimum: 61883, Heaviest daily rainfall: 251884, Highest daily maximum: 101884, Lowest daily maximum: 71884, Highest daily minimum: 21884, Lowest daily minimum: 101884, Heaviest daily rainfall: 361885, Highest daily maximum: 171885, Lowest daily maximum: 41885, Highest daily minimum: 41885, Lowest daily minimum: 161885, Heaviest daily rainfall: 331886, Highest daily maximum: 161886, Lowest daily maximum: 41886, Highest daily minimum: 11886, Lowest daily minimum: 121886, Heaviest daily rainfall: 201887, Highest daily maximum: 41887, Lowest daily maximum: 21887, Highest daily minimum: 81887, Lowest daily minimum: 181887, Heaviest daily rainfall: 231888, Highest daily maximum: 111888, Lowest daily maximum: 121888, Highest daily minimum: 131888, Lowest daily minimum: 331888, Heaviest daily rainfall: 291889, Highest daily maximum: 61889, Lowest daily maximum: 11889, Highest daily minimum: 121889, Lowest daily minimum: 131889, Heaviest daily rainfall: 191890, Highest daily maximum: 201890, Lowest daily maximum: 191890, Highest daily minimum: 81890, Lowest daily minimum: 201890, Heaviest daily rainfall: 201891, Highest daily maximum: 241891, Lowest daily maximum: 121891, Highest daily minimum: 101891, Lowest daily minimum: 91891, Heaviest daily rainfall: 151892, Highest daily maximum: 331892, Lowest daily maximum: 91892, Highest daily minimum: 121892, Lowest daily minimum: 201892, Heaviest daily rainfall: 241893, Highest daily maximum: 241893, Lowest daily maximum: 81893, Highest daily minimum: 121893, Lowest daily minimum: 171893, Heaviest daily rainfall: 301894, Highest daily maximum: 261894, Lowest daily maximum: 201894, Highest daily minimum: 221894, Lowest daily minimum: 111894, Heaviest daily rainfall: 261895, Highest daily maximum: 451895, Lowest daily maximum: 81895, Highest daily minimum: 211895, Lowest daily minimum: 211895, Heaviest daily rainfall: 401896, Highest daily maximum: 321896, Lowest daily maximum: 21896, Highest daily minimum: 191896, Lowest daily minimum: 41896, Heaviest daily rainfall: 391897, Highest daily maximum: 261897, Lowest daily maximum: 101897, Highest daily minimum: 171897, Heaviest daily rainfall: 391898, Highest daily maximum: 361898, Lowest daily maximum: 111898, Highest daily minimum: 341898, Lowest daily minimum: 171898, Heaviest daily rainfall: 621899, Highest daily maximum: 531899, Lowest daily maximum: 161899, Highest daily minimum: 341899, Lowest daily minimum: 191899, Heaviest daily rainfall: 411899, Deepest snow cover: 71900, Highest daily maximum: 411900, Lowest daily maximum: 101900, Highest daily minimum: 201900, Lowest daily minimum: 161900, Heaviest daily rainfall: 581900, Deepest snow cover: 11901, Highest daily maximum: 141901, Lowest daily maximum: 151901, Highest daily minimum: 121901, Lowest daily minimum: 221901, Heaviest daily rainfall: 741901, Deepest snow cover: 261902, Highest daily maximum: 101902, Lowest daily maximum: 271902, Highest daily minimum: 121902, Lowest daily minimum: 411902, Heaviest daily rainfall: 621902, Deepest snow cover: 111903, Highest daily maximum: 491903, Lowest daily maximum: 101903, Highest daily minimum: 241903, Lowest daily minimum: 101903, Heaviest daily rainfall: 561903, Deepest snow cover: 21904, Highest daily maximum: 231904, Lowest daily maximum: 31904, Highest daily minimum: 181904, Lowest daily minimum: 111904, Heaviest daily rainfall: 681904, Deepest snow cover: 181905, Highest daily maximum: 151905, Lowest daily maximum: 81905, Highest daily minimum: 111905, Lowest daily minimum: 61905, Heaviest daily rainfall: 651905, Deepest snow cover: 31906, Highest daily maximum: 751906, Lowest daily maximum: 161906, Highest daily minimum: 491906, Lowest daily minimum: 101906, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1101906, Deepest snow cover: 301907, Highest daily maximum: 301907, Lowest daily maximum: 331907, Highest daily minimum: 271907, Lowest daily minimum: 271907, Heaviest daily rainfall: 691907, Deepest snow cover: 481908, Highest daily maximum: 261908, Lowest daily maximum: 411908, Highest daily minimum: 131908, Lowest daily minimum: 541908, Heaviest daily rainfall: 841908, Deepest snow cover: 161909, Highest daily maximum: 921909, Lowest daily maximum: 811909, Highest daily minimum: 691909, Lowest daily minimum: 911909, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2151909, Deepest snow cover: 571910, Highest daily maximum: 781910, Lowest daily maximum: 551910, Highest daily minimum: 911910, Lowest daily minimum: 511910, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2251910, Deepest snow cover: 101911, Highest daily maximum: 3241911, Lowest daily maximum: 741911, Highest daily minimum: 2041911, Lowest daily minimum: 1231911, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1341911, Deepest snow cover: 51912, Highest daily maximum: 2011912, Lowest daily maximum: 2521912, Highest daily minimum: 2371912, Lowest daily minimum: 2411912, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2671912, Deepest snow cover: 251913, Highest daily maximum: 1991913, Lowest daily maximum: 1691913, Highest daily minimum: 2591913, Lowest daily minimum: 1551913, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2091913, Deepest snow cover: 41914, Highest daily maximum: 1301914, Lowest daily maximum: 1431914, Highest daily minimum: 1381914, Lowest daily minimum: 671914, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2181914, Deepest snow cover: 201915, Highest daily maximum: 1621915, Lowest daily maximum: 871915, Highest daily minimum: 2031915, Lowest daily minimum: 1101915, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2581915, Deepest snow cover: 471916, Highest daily maximum: 1261916, Lowest daily maximum: 571916, Highest daily minimum: 1471916, Lowest daily minimum: 281916, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2061916, Deepest snow cover: 71917, Highest daily maximum: 1191917, Lowest daily maximum: 1181917, Highest daily minimum: 1291917, Lowest daily minimum: 841917, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1941917, Deepest snow cover: 961918, Highest daily maximum: 1681918, Lowest daily maximum: 931918, Highest daily minimum: 1871918, Lowest daily minimum: 1001918, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2421918, Deepest snow cover: 331919, Highest daily maximum: 1851919, Lowest daily maximum: 3391919, Highest daily minimum: 1341919, Lowest daily minimum: 2341919, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3071919, Deepest snow cover: 2311920, Highest daily maximum: 3401920, Lowest daily maximum: 1211920, Highest daily minimum: 3451920, Lowest daily minimum: 1941920, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4051920, Deepest snow cover: 111921, Highest daily maximum: 6201921, Lowest daily maximum: 1951921, Highest daily minimum: 4361921, Lowest daily minimum: 2491921, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5101921, Deepest snow cover: 121922, Highest daily maximum: 2111922, Lowest daily maximum: 3091922, Highest daily minimum: 1781922, Lowest daily minimum: 2581922, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6051922, Deepest snow cover: 531923, Highest daily maximum: 3601923, Lowest daily maximum: 3001923, Highest daily minimum: 3191923, Lowest daily minimum: 2331923, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5461923, Deepest snow cover: 901924, Highest daily maximum: 1071924, Lowest daily maximum: 1721924, Highest daily minimum: 1291924, Lowest daily minimum: 1721924, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6101924, Deepest snow cover: 1251925, Highest daily maximum: 2741925, Lowest daily maximum: 1991925, Highest daily minimum: 2241925, Lowest daily minimum: 2251925, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5101925, Deepest snow cover: 1651926, Highest daily maximum: 3221926, Lowest daily maximum: 1301926, Highest daily minimum: 3711926, Lowest daily minimum: 781926, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7281926, Deepest snow cover: 671927, Highest daily maximum: 1731927, Lowest daily maximum: 2781927, Highest daily minimum: 2961927, Lowest daily minimum: 2171927, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6541927, Deepest snow cover: 751928, Highest daily maximum: 2361928, Lowest daily maximum: 2541928, Highest daily minimum: 2451928, Lowest daily minimum: 3061928, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5821928, Deepest snow cover: 701929, Highest daily maximum: 3131929, Lowest daily maximum: 5331929, Highest daily minimum: 2251929, Lowest daily minimum: 5951929, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4221929, Deepest snow cover: 2601930, Highest daily maximum: 3951930, Lowest daily maximum: 641930, Highest daily minimum: 3191930, Lowest daily minimum: 441930, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7351930, Deepest snow cover: 201931, Highest daily maximum: 1371931, Lowest daily maximum: 2631931, Highest daily minimum: 1611931, Lowest daily minimum: 3141931, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6631931, Deepest snow cover: 1291932, Highest daily maximum: 3301932, Lowest daily maximum: 791932, Highest daily minimum: 3711932, Lowest daily minimum: 891932, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5751932, Deepest snow cover: 81933, Highest daily maximum: 2031933, Lowest daily maximum: 2011933, Highest daily minimum: 1851933, Lowest daily minimum: 2621933, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4561933, Deepest snow cover: 481934, Highest daily maximum: 3401934, Lowest daily maximum: 321934, Highest daily minimum: 3061934, Lowest daily minimum: 681934, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5641934, Deepest snow cover: 71935, Highest daily maximum: 2921935, Lowest daily maximum: 1201935, Highest daily minimum: 2211935, Lowest daily minimum: 2161935, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7891935, Deepest snow cover: 741936, Highest daily maximum: 2671936, Lowest daily maximum: 2681936, Highest daily minimum: 2681936, Lowest daily minimum: 2941936, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7031936, Deepest snow cover: 351937, Highest daily maximum: 3141937, Lowest daily maximum: 1621937, Highest daily minimum: 2961937, Lowest daily minimum: 791937, Heaviest daily rainfall: 8151937, Deepest snow cover: 1671938, Highest daily maximum: 6221938, Lowest daily maximum: 3121938, Highest daily minimum: 5151938, Lowest daily minimum: 4431938, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5601938, Deepest snow cover: 1631939, Highest daily maximum: 4081939, Lowest daily maximum: 2411939, Highest daily minimum: 4621939, Lowest daily minimum: 2741939, Heaviest daily rainfall: 9211939, Deepest snow cover: 1691940, Highest daily maximum: 1461940, Lowest daily maximum: 8201940, Highest daily minimum: 1181940, Lowest daily minimum: 8611940, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7971940, Deepest snow cover: 6221941, Highest daily maximum: 2121941, Lowest daily maximum: 5971941, Highest daily minimum: 2071941, Lowest daily minimum: 5891941, Heaviest daily rainfall: 8311941, Deepest snow cover: 4361942, Highest daily maximum: 3941942, Lowest daily maximum: 5721942, Highest daily minimum: 2791942, Lowest daily minimum: 5961942, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5021942, Deepest snow cover: 3831943, Highest daily maximum: 5891943, Lowest daily maximum: 631943, Highest daily minimum: 3851943, Lowest daily minimum: 1211943, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4301943, Deepest snow cover: 1441944, Highest daily maximum: 3661944, Lowest daily maximum: 1371944, Highest daily minimum: 3781944, Lowest daily minimum: 2201944, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7231944, Deepest snow cover: 2841945, Highest daily maximum: 2301945, Lowest daily maximum: 801945, Highest daily minimum: 2071945, Lowest daily minimum: 751945, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3371945, Deepest snow cover: 541946, Highest daily maximum: 2351946, Lowest daily maximum: 1071946, Highest daily minimum: 1651946, Lowest daily minimum: 1121946, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4321946, Deepest snow cover: 511947, Highest daily maximum: 8601947, Lowest daily maximum: 3691947, Highest daily minimum: 5711947, Lowest daily minimum: 4111947, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5831947, Deepest snow cover: 881948, Highest daily maximum: 6271948, Lowest daily maximum: 2171948, Highest daily minimum: 5671948, Lowest daily minimum: 1591948, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5811948, Deepest snow cover: 1811949, Highest daily maximum: 5881949, Lowest daily maximum: 1371949, Highest daily minimum: 4761949, Lowest daily minimum: 3811949, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4901949, Deepest snow cover: 471950, Highest daily maximum: 3671950, Lowest daily maximum: 1221950, Highest daily minimum: 3411950, Lowest daily minimum: 861950, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7321950, Deepest snow cover: 1601951, Highest daily maximum: 2331951, Lowest daily maximum: 811951, Highest daily minimum: 2721951, Lowest daily minimum: 2231951, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6771951, Deepest snow cover: 1081952, Highest daily maximum: 3931952, Lowest daily maximum: 2671952, Highest daily minimum: 3331952, Lowest daily minimum: 3001952, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7391952, Deepest snow cover: 4671953, Highest daily maximum: 5461953, Lowest daily maximum: 1271953, Highest daily minimum: 5711953, Lowest daily minimum: 1811953, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4341953, Deepest snow cover: 3091954, Highest daily maximum: 1851954, Lowest daily maximum: 3201954, Highest daily minimum: 3121954, Lowest daily minimum: 2791954, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7131954, Deepest snow cover: 601955, Highest daily maximum: 2571955, Lowest daily maximum: 2901955, Highest daily minimum: 2391955, Lowest daily minimum: 4591955, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5771955, Deepest snow cover: 2871956, Highest daily maximum: 1591956, Lowest daily maximum: 7281956, Highest daily minimum: 1901956, Lowest daily minimum: 7271956, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7421956, Deepest snow cover: 4161957, Highest daily maximum: 5241957, Lowest daily maximum: 2351957, Highest daily minimum: 5411957, Lowest daily minimum: 3951957, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6481957, Deepest snow cover: 851958, Highest daily maximum: 2451958, Lowest daily maximum: 2091958, Highest daily minimum: 3701958, Lowest daily minimum: 2121958, Heaviest daily rainfall: 7641958, Deepest snow cover: 1551959, Highest daily maximum: 5561959, Lowest daily maximum: 801959, Highest daily minimum: 3371959, Lowest daily minimum: 2611959, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4451959, Deepest snow cover: 711960, Highest daily maximum: 2621960, Lowest daily maximum: 2011960, Highest daily minimum: 3561960, Lowest daily minimum: 2551960, Heaviest daily rainfall: 6361960, Deepest snow cover: 831961, Highest daily maximum: 7711961, Lowest daily maximum: 3251961, Highest daily minimum: 5981961, Lowest daily minimum: 2121961, Heaviest daily rainfall: 9411961, Deepest snow cover: 371962, Highest daily maximum: 2971962, Lowest daily maximum: 6461962, Highest daily minimum: 2741962, Lowest daily minimum: 6481962, Heaviest daily rainfall: 9511962, Deepest snow cover: 2401963, Highest daily maximum: 2731963, Lowest daily maximum: 3151963, Highest daily minimum: 2441963, Lowest daily minimum: 4721963, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,3361963, Deepest snow cover: 6741964, Highest daily maximum: 3951964, Lowest daily maximum: 1531964, Highest daily minimum: 3621964, Lowest daily minimum: 3131964, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,1771964, Deepest snow cover: 761965, Highest daily maximum: 1191965, Lowest daily maximum: 4211965, Highest daily minimum: 1311965, Lowest daily minimum: 4001965, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2281965, Deepest snow cover: 6691966, Highest daily maximum: 5041966, Lowest daily maximum: 3361966, Highest daily minimum: 6501966, Lowest daily minimum: 1901966, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2331966, Deepest snow cover: 1711967, Highest daily maximum: 4851967, Lowest daily maximum: 2431967, Highest daily minimum: 7061967, Lowest daily minimum: 2191967, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,6381967, Deepest snow cover: 1701968, Highest daily maximum: 7421968, Lowest daily maximum: 3691968, Highest daily minimum: 6361968, Lowest daily minimum: 4321968, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,8331968, Deepest snow cover: 1811969, Highest daily maximum: 5251969, Lowest daily maximum: 9701969, Highest daily minimum: 6531969, Lowest daily minimum: 4811969, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,5841969, Deepest snow cover: 7891970, Highest daily maximum: 2291970, Lowest daily maximum: 6071970, Highest daily minimum: 3691970, Lowest daily minimum: 3701970, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,1181970, Deepest snow cover: 1,5331971, Highest daily maximum: 7101971, Lowest daily maximum: 1,0071971, Highest daily minimum: 8461971, Lowest daily minimum: 1,2331971, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,2731971, Deepest snow cover: 1861972, Highest daily maximum: 6061972, Lowest daily maximum: 8121972, Highest daily minimum: 7311972, Lowest daily minimum: 6981972, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,7031972, Deepest snow cover: 1261973, Highest daily maximum: 5321973, Lowest daily maximum: 8541973, Highest daily minimum: 5781973, Lowest daily minimum: 8231973, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,8451973, Deepest snow cover: 7001974, Highest daily maximum: 1,2481974, Lowest daily maximum: 9031974, Highest daily minimum: 1,4531974, Lowest daily minimum: 3711974, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,3711974, Deepest snow cover: 2571975, Highest daily maximum: 9721975, Lowest daily maximum: 6501975, Highest daily minimum: 1,4171975, Lowest daily minimum: 4821975, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,8191975, Deepest snow cover: 1731976, Highest daily maximum: 1,4601976, Lowest daily maximum: 6951976, Highest daily minimum: 1,1981976, Lowest daily minimum: 9471976, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,6421976, Deepest snow cover: 1951977, Highest daily maximum: 1,8851977, Lowest daily maximum: 1,4261977, Highest daily minimum: 2,2941977, Lowest daily minimum: 1,1651977, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,9741977, Deepest snow cover: 3051978, Highest daily maximum: 8521978, Lowest daily maximum: 3,1311978, Highest daily minimum: 1,7081978, Lowest daily minimum: 2,0271978, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,3391978, Deepest snow cover: 2651979, Highest daily maximum: 1,9231979, Lowest daily maximum: 2,3471979, Highest daily minimum: 2,3111979, Lowest daily minimum: 1,9481979, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,3101979, Deepest snow cover: 2,5751980, Highest daily maximum: 1,6751980, Lowest daily maximum: 3,8051980, Highest daily minimum: 2,5611980, Lowest daily minimum: 2,4961980, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,1361980, Deepest snow cover: 2,1561981, Highest daily maximum: 1,7481981, Lowest daily maximum: 2,8041981, Highest daily minimum: 4,6281981, Lowest daily minimum: 2,1431981, Heaviest daily rainfall: 5,6951981, Deepest snow cover: 3,8261982, Highest daily maximum: 2,9701982, Lowest daily maximum: 9371982, Highest daily minimum: 2,7621982, Lowest daily minimum: 8471982, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,3381982, Deepest snow cover: 5841983, Highest daily maximum: 4,6841983, Lowest daily maximum: 2,3091983, Highest daily minimum: 5,4641983, Lowest daily minimum: 1,6581983, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,1711983, Deepest snow cover: 2171984, Highest daily maximum: 1,2751984, Lowest daily maximum: 3,3491984, Highest daily minimum: 1,4011984, Lowest daily minimum: 8531984, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,2661984, Deepest snow cover: 5961985, Highest daily maximum: 2,3471985, Lowest daily maximum: 5,2661985, Highest daily minimum: 2,8711985, Lowest daily minimum: 3,7701985, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,7261985, Deepest snow cover: 3,0161986, Highest daily maximum: 1,9251986, Lowest daily maximum: 3,9501986, Highest daily minimum: 2,8521986, Lowest daily minimum: 3,3421986, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,5391986, Deepest snow cover: 6261987, Highest daily maximum: 1,9051987, Lowest daily maximum: 3,9991987, Highest daily minimum: 4,2591987, Lowest daily minimum: 3,4771987, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,0101987, Deepest snow cover: 1,0611988, Highest daily maximum: 1,5051988, Lowest daily maximum: 8921988, Highest daily minimum: 3,2051988, Lowest daily minimum: 1,3451988, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,0411988, Deepest snow cover: 1,1651989, Highest daily maximum: 6,8701989, Lowest daily maximum: 1,3501989, Highest daily minimum: 5,6351989, Lowest daily minimum: 1,2151989, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,2131989, Deepest snow cover: 461990, Highest daily maximum: 7,5501990, Lowest daily maximum: 4281990, Highest daily minimum: 4,2031990, Lowest daily minimum: 1,1601990, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,9621990, Deepest snow cover: 3971991, Highest daily maximum: 2,5101991, Lowest daily maximum: 1,6451991, Highest daily minimum: 3,2161991, Lowest daily minimum: 2,5031991, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,5021991, Deepest snow cover: 2181992, Highest daily maximum: 3,4641992, Lowest daily maximum: 9901992, Highest daily minimum: 3,2491992, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0051992, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,5961992, Deepest snow cover: 1721993, Highest daily maximum: 4,5981993, Lowest daily maximum: 3,1511993, Highest daily minimum: 4,2871993, Lowest daily minimum: 3,2081993, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,5731993, Deepest snow cover: 1881994, Highest daily maximum: 4,1081994, Lowest daily maximum: 7431994, Highest daily minimum: 6,6841994, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0511994, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,8161994, Deepest snow cover: 481995, Highest daily maximum: 2,9711995, Lowest daily maximum: 1,6971995, Highest daily minimum: 4,0581995, Lowest daily minimum: 1,1301995, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,1801995, Deepest snow cover: 6901996, Highest daily maximum: 1,4881996, Lowest daily maximum: 3,9351996, Highest daily minimum: 1,6421996, Lowest daily minimum: 2,7321996, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2551996, Deepest snow cover: 3981997, Highest daily maximum: 2,7441997, Lowest daily maximum: 8021997, Highest daily minimum: 4,4681997, Lowest daily minimum: 2,3281997, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,5631997, Deepest snow cover: 2851998, Highest daily maximum: 5,2981998, Lowest daily maximum: 2,0611998, Highest daily minimum: 4,6541998, Lowest daily minimum: 1,1501998, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,8441998, Deepest snow cover: 8181999, Highest daily maximum: 3,2871999, Lowest daily maximum: 2511999, Highest daily minimum: 3,4161999, Lowest daily minimum: 5691999, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,2261999, Deepest snow cover: 4332000, Highest daily maximum: 3,7042000, Lowest daily maximum: 6952000, Highest daily minimum: 4,3252000, Lowest daily minimum: 8322000, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,7892000, Deepest snow cover: 482001, Highest daily maximum: 2,3472001, Lowest daily maximum: 1,3862001, Highest daily minimum: 2,9052001, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0002001, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,0892001, Deepest snow cover: 6842002, Highest daily maximum: 3,8252002, Lowest daily maximum: 1,2592002, Highest daily minimum: 4,6852002, Lowest daily minimum: 8962002, Heaviest daily rainfall: 4,3712002, Deepest snow cover: 4832003, Highest daily maximum: 4,9602003, Lowest daily maximum: 1,1552003, Highest daily minimum: 3,4782003, Lowest daily minimum: 1,7852003, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,6352003, Deepest snow cover: 2012004, Highest daily maximum: 1,7452004, Lowest daily maximum: 4072004, Highest daily minimum: 2,2342004, Lowest daily minimum: 9072004, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,3562004, Deepest snow cover: 3462005, Highest daily maximum: 3,8162005, Lowest daily maximum: 1,0712005, Highest daily minimum: 3,0692005, Lowest daily minimum: 1,3462005, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,9902005, Deepest snow cover: 6842006, Highest daily maximum: 4,3512006, Lowest daily maximum: 9732006, Highest daily minimum: 4,5222006, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0022006, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,0132006, Deepest snow cover: 8562007, Highest daily maximum: 4,1272007, Lowest daily maximum: 6892007, Highest daily minimum: 3,0582007, Lowest daily minimum: 6612007, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,9412007, Deepest snow cover: 3712008, Highest daily maximum: 1,4302008, Lowest daily maximum: 6702008, Highest daily minimum: 1,8902008, Lowest daily minimum: 6602008, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2532008, Deepest snow cover: 3182009, Highest daily maximum: 2,0192009, Lowest daily maximum: 7912009, Highest daily minimum: 1,4042009, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0922009, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,8972009, Deepest snow cover: 2092010, Highest daily maximum: 1,9272010, Lowest daily maximum: 2,2232010, Highest daily minimum: 1,7802010, Lowest daily minimum: 1,7602010, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2912010, Deepest snow cover: 4,0632011, Highest daily maximum: 2,9412011, Lowest daily maximum: 5922011, Highest daily minimum: 2,1392011, Lowest daily minimum: 6022011, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,0222011, Deepest snow cover: 3352012, Highest daily maximum: 3,6052012, Lowest daily maximum: 1,2862012, Highest daily minimum: 1,7232012, Lowest daily minimum: 2,0022012, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,9262012, Deepest snow cover: 5532013, Highest daily maximum: 1,9802013, Lowest daily maximum: 2,7242013, Highest daily minimum: 2,3432013, Lowest daily minimum: 1,8892013, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,4232013, Deepest snow cover: 1,0012014, Highest daily maximum: 2,7022014, Lowest daily maximum: 2882014, Highest daily minimum: 2,0142014, Lowest daily minimum: 4622014, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,7072014, Deepest snow cover: 342015, Highest daily maximum: 5,3062015, Lowest daily maximum: 5192015, Highest daily minimum: 4,2472015, Lowest daily minimum: 8272015, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,9422015, Deepest snow cover: 1002016, Highest daily maximum: 2,6292016, Lowest daily maximum: 5712016, Highest daily minimum: 2,0462016, Lowest daily minimum: 9062016, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,0022016, Deepest snow cover: 1422017, Highest daily maximum: 2,4932017, Lowest daily maximum: 4262017, Highest daily minimum: 1,8302017, Lowest daily minimum: 6012017, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,2412017, Deepest snow cover: 1282018, Highest daily maximum: 5,5032018, Lowest daily maximum: 1,3482018, Highest daily minimum: 3,0602018, Lowest daily minimum: 1,0242018, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,9392018, Deepest snow cover: 1352019, Highest daily maximum: 4,3712019, Lowest daily maximum: 3112019, Highest daily minimum: 2,1502019, Lowest daily minimum: 6572019, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,8762019, Deepest snow cover: 1552020, Highest daily maximum: 3,4002020, Lowest daily maximum: 1942020, Highest daily minimum: 2,7612020, Lowest daily minimum: 7632020, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,1592020, Deepest snow cover: 162021, Highest daily maximum: 2,9382021, Lowest daily maximum: 3182021, Highest daily minimum: 2,0472021, Lowest daily minimum: 8612021, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,0752021, Deepest snow cover: 4932022, Highest daily maximum: 4,4692022, Lowest daily maximum: 3882022, Highest daily minimum: 2,9342022, Lowest daily minimum: 7672022, Heaviest daily rainfall: 2,0202022, Deepest snow cover: 2342023, Highest daily maximum: 3,5252023, Lowest daily maximum: 1372023, Highest daily minimum: 3,7812023, Lowest daily minimum: 4852023, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,1782023, Deepest snow cover: 3922024, Highest daily maximum: 3,7502024, Lowest daily maximum: 2362024, Highest daily minimum: 5,1532024, Lowest daily minimum: 2952024, Heaviest daily rainfall: 3,0472024, Deepest snow cover: 782025, Highest daily maximum: 4,1422025, Lowest daily maximum: 1842025, Highest daily minimum: 1,7402025, Lowest daily minimum: 6182025, Heaviest daily rainfall: 1,7542025, Deepest snow cover: 92026, Highest daily maximum: 4,7542026, Lowest daily maximum: 1302026, Highest daily minimum: 2,8542026, Lowest daily minimum: 3082026, Heaviest daily rainfall: 9812026, Deepest snow cover: 1221854187218911908192519421959197619932010
Records set or tied in Germany each year from 1854 to 2026, stacked by type. 2022 had 10,812.
Weather records per year in Germany, stacked by type, 2022 outlined
YearHighest daily maximumLowest daily maximumHighest daily minimumLowest daily minimumHeaviest daily rainfallHeaviest daily snowfallDeepest snow coverTotal
185497121100039
1855317111700048
185675131500040
185710459100038
185861322180050
1859113134110042
18604116580034
1861111161440046
1862164174140055
18639545170040
186421631450040
18651210515100052
1866124618110051
186712159680050
1868161196160058
18691686880046
1871121341100040
187215011400030
1873407200013
18741037200022
187533120009
1878610060013
1879105323120053
188014249100039
1881141041770052
188212355140039
18838246250045
1884107210360065
1885174416330074
1886164112200053
188742818230055
188811121333290098
1889611213190051
18902019820200087
18912412109150070
18923391220240098
18932481217300091
1894262022112600105
189545821214000135
1896322194390096
18972610170390092
1898361134176200160
1899531634194107170
1900411020165801146
19011415122274026163
19021027124162011163
1903491024105602151
1904233181168018141
19051581166503108
190675164910110030290
19073033272769048234
19082641135484016234
190992816991215057605
191078559151225010510
19113247420412313405864
19122012522372412670251,223
191319916925915520904995
191413014313867218020716
191516287203110258047867
1916126571472820607571
191711911812984194096740
191816893187100242033823
191918533913423430702311,430
19203401213451944050111,416
19216201954362495100122,022
19222113091782586050531,614
19233603003192335460901,848
192410717212917261001251,315
192527419922422551001651,597
1926322130371787280671,696
19271732782962176540751,693
19282362542453065820701,693
192931353322559542202602,348
193039564319447350201,577
193113726316131466301291,667
19323307937189575081,452
19332032011852624560481,355
19343403230668564071,317
19352921202212167890741,712
19362672682682947030351,835
19373141622967981501671,833
193862231251544356001632,615
193940824146227492101692,475
194014682011886179706223,364
194121259720758983104362,872
194239457227959650203832,726
19435896338512143001441,732
194436613737822072302842,108
19452308020775337054983
19462351071651124320511,102
19478603695714115830882,882
194862721756715958101812,332
19495881374763814900472,119
19503671223418673201601,808
19512338127222367701081,594
195239326733330073904672,499
195354612757118143403092,168
19541853203122797130601,869
195525729023945957702872,109
195615972819072774204162,962
19575242355413956480852,428
195824520937021276401551,955
1959556803372614450711,750
19602622013562556360831,793
19617713255982129410372,884
196229764627464895102403,056
19632733152444721,33606743,314
19643951533623131,1770762,476
19651194211314002,22806693,968
19665043366501902,23301714,084
19674852437062191,63801703,461
19687423696364321,83301814,193
19695259706534811,58407895,002
19702296073693702,11801,5335,226
19717101,0078461,2331,27301865,255
19726068127316981,70301264,676
19735328545788231,84507005,332
19741,2489031,4533712,37102576,603
19759726501,4174821,81901735,513
19761,4606951,1989471,64201956,137
19771,8851,4262,2941,1652,974030510,049
19788523,1311,7082,0273,339026511,322
19791,9232,3472,3111,9483,31002,57514,414
19801,6753,8052,5612,4963,13602,15615,829
19811,7482,8044,6282,1435,69503,82620,844
19822,9709372,7628473,338058411,438
19834,6842,3095,4641,6584,171021718,503
19841,2753,3491,4018534,266059611,740
19852,3475,2662,8713,7702,72603,01619,996
19861,9253,9502,8523,3424,539062617,234
19871,9053,9994,2593,4774,01001,06118,711
19881,5058923,2051,3454,04101,16512,153
19896,8701,3505,6351,2153,21304618,329
19907,5504284,2031,1603,962039717,700
19912,5101,6453,2162,5032,502021812,594
19923,4649903,2491,0053,596017212,476
19934,5983,1514,2873,2083,573018819,005
19944,1087436,6841,0513,81604816,450
19952,9711,6974,0581,1304,180069014,726
19961,4883,9351,6422,7322,255039812,450
19972,7448024,4682,3282,563028513,190
19985,2982,0614,6541,1503,844081817,825
19993,2872513,4165693,226043311,182
20003,7046954,3258322,78904812,393
20012,3471,3862,9051,0003,089068411,411
20023,8251,2594,6858964,371048315,519
20034,9601,1553,4781,7851,635020113,214
20041,7454072,2349072,35603467,995
20053,8161,0713,0691,3461,990068411,976
20064,3519734,5221,0022,013085613,717
20074,1276893,0586612,941037111,847
20081,4306701,8906602,25303187,221
20092,0197911,4041,0921,89702097,412
20101,9272,2231,7801,7602,29104,06314,044
20112,9415922,1396022,02203358,631
20123,6051,2861,7232,0021,926055311,095
20131,9802,7242,3431,8892,42301,00112,360
20142,7022882,0144621,7070347,207
20155,3065194,2478271,942010012,941
20162,6295712,0469062,00201428,296
20172,4934261,8306012,24101287,719
20185,5031,3483,0601,0241,939013513,009
20194,3713112,1506571,87601559,520
20203,4001942,7617632,1590169,293
20212,9383182,0478612,07504938,732
20224,4693882,9347672,020023410,812
20233,5251373,7814853,178039211,498
20243,7502365,1532953,04707812,559
20254,1421841,7406181,754098,447
20264,7541302,85430898101229,149

Warm to Cold Ratio by Decade

Record highs per record low in Germany, by decade Record highs per record low by decade in Germany: 1850s 0.8 to 1, 1860s 1.1 to 1, 1870s 1.3 to 1, 1880s 0.9 to 1, 1890s 2.0 to 1, 1900s 1.2 to 1, 1910s 1.3 to 1, 1920s 1.1 to 1, 1930s 1.7 to 1, 1940s 1.2 to 1, 1950s 1.3 to 1, 1960s 1.2 to 1, 1970s 1.0 to 1, 1980s 1.3 to 1, 1990s 2.4 to 1, 2000s 3.3 to 1, 2010s 2.7 to 1, 2020s 8.5 to 1. 0.02.55.07.510.01850s: 0.81 to 11860s: 1.05 to 11870s: 1.33 to 11880s: 0.91 to 11890s: 1.99 to 11900s: 1.18 to 11910s: 1.33 to 11920s: 1.14 to 11930s: 1.67 to 11940s: 1.15 to 11950s: 1.25 to 11960s: 1.18 to 11970s: 1.04 to 11980s: 1.26 to 11990s: 2.40 to 12000s: 3.33 to 12010s: 2.71 to 12020s: 8.52 to 11850s1860s1870s1880s1890s1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Record highs per record low by decade in Germany: 1850s 0.8 to 1, 1860s 1.1 to 1, 1870s 1.3 to 1, 1880s 0.9 to 1, 1890s 2.0 to 1, 1900s 1.2 to 1, 1910s 1.3 to 1, 1920s 1.1 to 1, 1930s 1.7 to 1, 1940s 1.2 to 1, 1950s 1.3 to 1, 1960s 1.2 to 1, 1970s 1.0 to 1, 1980s 1.3 to 1, 1990s 2.4 to 1, 2000s 3.3 to 1, 2010s 2.7 to 1, 2020s 8.5 to 1.
Record highs per record low in Germany, by decade
DecadeHighs per low
1850s0.81 to 1
1860s1.05 to 1
1870s1.33 to 1
1880s0.91 to 1
1890s1.99 to 1
1900s1.18 to 1
1910s1.33 to 1
1920s1.14 to 1
1930s1.67 to 1
1940s1.15 to 1
1950s1.25 to 1
1960s1.18 to 1
1970s1.04 to 1
1980s1.26 to 1
1990s2.40 to 1
2000s3.33 to 1
2010s2.71 to 1
2020s8.52 to 1

Standing Records by Year Set

2022: 12,544
Standing records in Germany by the year they were set, 2022 highlighted Records still standing in Germany by the year they were set. 12,544 of them were set in 2022. 010,00020,00030,00040,0001782: 11786: 11801: 11807: 21815: 11817: 11819: 21821: 11824: 41825: 121826: 81827: 191828: 61829: 141830: 181831: 81832: 41833: 61834: 41835: 101836: 81837: 201838: 181839: 51840: 161841: 61842: 81843: 51844: 31845: 201846: 61847: 51848: 101849: 91850: 171851: 61852: 81853: 171854: 131855: 211856: 131857: 221858: 381859: 271860: 191861: 261862: 301863: 161864: 4911865: 2711866: 661867: 691868: 1011869: 591870: 721871: 1131872: 431873: 481874: 2761875: 1021876: 3101877: 1421878: 601879: 5701880: 5841881: 5431882: 7161883: 2591884: 2631885: 2891886: 3461887: 2,0381888: 8071889: 4711890: 1,6931891: 8751892: 7571893: 9221894: 4811895: 8891896: 4881897: 6991898: 9801899: 1,5161900: 1,0461901: 1,5381902: 1,3891903: 7721904: 1,0171905: 1,0851906: 6901907: 9821908: 1,3181909: 1,0331910: 9011911: 8001912: 1,4951913: 9281914: 9451915: 1,0301916: 5721917: 1,1871918: 7311919: 1,5631920: 8521921: 1,2301922: 1,3121923: 1,2501924: 6681925: 9771926: 1,1061927: 1,0151928: 1,0181929: 1,6231930: 9331931: 2,0131932: 1,4691933: 1,1731934: 1,6261935: 2,5651936: 10,9361937: 6,8691938: 6,1761939: 5,5271940: 9,8021941: 10,2821942: 9,3741943: 3,5121944: 4,1241945: 4,7941946: 6,6761947: 28,8651948: 17,0041949: 22,0021950: 17,0811951: 25,8401952: 23,9821953: 21,8521954: 17,3171955: 18,7131956: 29,5451957: 20,4381958: 20,7161959: 15,5261960: 13,9051961: 23,1031962: 23,1821963: 24,7821964: 15,5861965: 20,2091966: 19,2071967: 14,3831968: 17,2261969: 26,0311970: 19,4631971: 17,0571972: 15,1161973: 17,9791974: 20,1161975: 15,5001976: 18,4791977: 16,9261978: 18,1391979: 32,5431980: 23,4241981: 28,9331982: 13,2191983: 20,9651984: 15,3941985: 29,1211986: 24,0101987: 27,6331988: 15,7861989: 20,7201990: 20,6221991: 20,2711992: 20,9181993: 25,7641994: 23,1431995: 22,7491996: 23,8401997: 21,0021998: 25,2581999: 17,5602000: 17,2032001: 16,7842002: 19,7812003: 19,4132004: 10,8782005: 16,1422006: 18,1312007: 15,6032008: 9,7342009: 10,4082010: 23,3402011: 12,1322012: 15,6422013: 18,2392014: 10,5502015: 17,9042016: 11,6672017: 9,3652018: 16,2972019: 11,3002020: 11,2692021: 11,3122022: 12,5442023: 14,1702024: 15,1762025: 9,8452026: 10,1361782182618361846185618661876188618961906191619261936194619561966197619861996200620162026
Records still standing in Germany by the year they were set. 12,544 of them were set in 2022.
Standing records in Germany by the year they were set, 2022 highlighted
Year setStanding records
17821
17861
18011
18072
18151
18171
18192
18211
18244
182512
18268
182719
18286
182914
183018
18318
18324
18336
18344
183510
18368
183720
183818
18395
184016
18416
18428
18435
18443
184520
18466
18475
184810
18499
185017
18516
18528
185317
185413
185521
185613
185722
185838
185927
186019
186126
186230
186316
1864491
1865271
186666
186769
1868101
186959
187072
1871113
187243
187348
1874276
1875102
1876310
1877142
187860
1879570
1880584
1881543
1882716
1883259
1884263
1885289
1886346
18872,038
1888807
1889471
18901,693
1891875
1892757
1893922
1894481
1895889
1896488
1897699
1898980
18991,516
19001,046
19011,538
19021,389
1903772
19041,017
19051,085
1906690
1907982
19081,318
19091,033
1910901
1911800
19121,495
1913928
1914945
19151,030
1916572
19171,187
1918731
19191,563
1920852
19211,230
19221,312
19231,250
1924668
1925977
19261,106
19271,015
19281,018
19291,623
1930933
19312,013
19321,469
19331,173
19341,626
19352,565
193610,936
19376,869
19386,176
19395,527
19409,802
194110,282
19429,374
19433,512
19444,124
19454,794
19466,676
194728,865
194817,004
194922,002
195017,081
195125,840
195223,982
195321,852
195417,317
195518,713
195629,545
195720,438
195820,716
195915,526
196013,905
196123,103
196223,182
196324,782
196415,586
196520,209
196619,207
196714,383
196817,226
196926,031
197019,463
197117,057
197215,116
197317,979
197420,116
197515,500
197618,479
197716,926
197818,139
197932,543
198023,424
198128,933
198213,219
198320,965
198415,394
198529,121
198624,010
198727,633
198815,786
198920,720
199020,622
199120,271
199220,918
199325,764
199423,143
199522,749
199623,840
199721,002
199825,258
199917,560
200017,203
200116,784
200219,781
200319,413
200410,878
200516,142
200618,131
200715,603
20089,734
200910,408
201023,340
201112,132
201215,642
201318,239
201410,550
201517,904
201611,667
20179,365
201816,297
201911,300
202011,269
202111,312
202212,544
202314,170
202415,176
20259,845
202610,136

Download the Data

Sources: Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Made with Natural Earth. Public domain map data. Borders are Natural Earth's de facto depiction. Data as of 2026-10-13 (13 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-13).