Data Sources and Licences

Daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, snowfall and snow depth from land stations worldwide. The basis of every record on the site.

• Website: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/global-historical-climatology-network-daily
• Licence: US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)
• How it is credited on every page that uses it: Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products.
• Note: The data is not homogenised. Records are raw station observations with quality-flagged values dropped, and they are computed by this site, not published by NOAA.

Suggested citations:

• Menne, M.J., I. Durre, B. Korzeniewski, S. McNeill, K. Thomas, X. Yin, S. Anthony, R. Ray, R.S. Vose, B.E. Gleason and T.G. Houston, 2012: Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3. NOAA National Climatic Data Center. doi:10.7289/V5D21VHZ.
• Menne, M.J., I. Durre, R.S. Vose, B.E. Gleason and T.G. Houston, 2012: An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29, 897-910. doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00103.1.

Tropical cyclone best tracks: position, wind, pressure, basin, season and landfall. The basis of the storm pages and accumulated cyclone energy.

• Website: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive
• Licence: NOAA NCEI terms (citation requested)
• How it is credited on every page that uses it: Source: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) v04r01, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi:10.25921/82ty-9e16. Some agency values come from third parties such as JMA, IMD and BoM.
• Note: Some agency values inside IBTrACS come from third parties, and agencies measure wind over different periods, so storm pages say which agency's values are shown.

Suggested citations:

• Knapp, K.R., M.C. Kruk, D.H. Levinson, H.J. Diamond and C.J. Neumann, 2010: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 363-376. doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1.
• Gahtan, J., K.R. Knapp, C.J. Schreck, H.J. Diamond, J.P. Kossin and M.C. Kruk, 2024: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) Project, Version 4r01. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.25921/82ty-9e16.

Latest advisory position and intensity for active Atlantic and eastern Pacific storms. Shown with its timestamp and a link to the official advisory. Not for safety of life decisions.

• Website: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/
• Licence: US Government public domain (NHC disclaimer)
• How it is credited on every page that uses it: Source: NOAA National Hurricane Center (nhc.noaa.gov). This display is unofficial and not for safety of life decisions.
• Note: The NHC asks that its information is not modified and then presented as official. Our storm display is unofficial, shows the advisory time and links to the official advisory.

Country outlines for the record maps. Borders are Natural Earth's de facto depiction.

• Website: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/
• Licence: Public domain
• How it is credited on every page that uses it: Made with Natural Earth. Public domain map data. Borders are Natural Earth's de facto depiction.
• Note: Made with Natural Earth. Country outlines are used for maps only.

Official world extremes are certified by the World Meteorological Organization. We cite them in our own words with a link to the WMO archive and do not republish its table. Its copyright terms allow short excerpts when the source is acknowledged, and do not allow redistribution or compilation, so we show only the record type, value, place and date.

• Website: https://wmo.int/site/world-weather-and-climate-extremes-archive
• Terms: WMO copyright terms (cite and link only)
• How it is credited: Source: WMO World Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Short excerpts in our own wording with a link; the WMO table is not republished.

The news section lists items from public feeds. We publish a headline, a short excerpt where the feed allows one, and a link to the original, with the publisher named on every item. We do not copy articles. The feeds switched on in this build are below; a feed marked headline and link only never shows an excerpt.

• NWS active alerts (CAP Atom): headline and link only. Credit: National Weather Service (public domain).
• NWS Storm Prediction Center: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA Storm Prediction Center (public domain).
• NHC Atlantic: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA National Hurricane Center (public domain, not modified and not official).
• NHC Eastern Pacific: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA National Hurricane Center (public domain, not modified and not official).
• NHC Central Pacific: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA National Hurricane Center (public domain, not modified and not official).
• NOAA news: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA (US Government work).
• NCEI news: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (US Government work).
• NASA Earth Observatory: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory (credit requested).
• NASA Science: headline, short excerpt and link. Credit: NASA (credit requested).
• JMA XML alert feed: headline and link only. Credit: Japan Meteorological Agency (PDL 1.0, source citation required).
• Environment and Climate Change Canada battleboard: headline and link only. Credit: Environment and Climate Change Canada (End-use licence, alerts unaltered).
• Carbon Brief: headline and link only. Credit: Carbon Brief (CC licence, non-commercial reuse, credit and link).

A dataset is published only when its licence clearly allows reuse on a free, advertising supported website with attribution. Sources whose terms restrict commercial reuse, or whose terms we have not been able to confirm, are not used, even when the data is publicly visible elsewhere.

News items link to their publishers and show a headline and a short excerpt only. Sources whose terms are unclear, such as the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, are not shown as data on this site.