Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Perth Regional Office Weather Records (ASN00009034)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Perth Regional Office (ASN00009034), Australia, with 116 years of record.

Key Facts for Perth Regional Office

  • Perth Regional Office (ASN00009034) is a weather station in Australia at -31.95 latitude and 115.87 longitude, 19 m (62 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1877 to 1992, 116 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Perth Regional Office still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Perth Regional Office set a daily record precipitation of 25.0 mm (1.0 in) on 18 March 1992.

About the Station

  • Location: Australia, -31.95 latitude, 115.87 longitude.
  • Elevation: 19 m (62 ft).
  • Period of record: 1877 to 1992, 116 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Perth Regional Office, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Perth Regional Office. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. 01020304050 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Perth Regional Office. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Perth Regional Office, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan45.8 C (114.4 F)9.2 C (48.6 F)n/an/a
Feb46.2 C (115.2 F)8.7 C (47.7 F)n/an/a
Mar42.3 C (108.1 F)7.7 C (45.9 F)n/an/a
Apr37.6 C (99.7 F)4.1 C (39.4 F)n/an/a
May32.4 C (90.3 F)1.3 C (34.3 F)n/an/a
Jun28.1 C (82.6 F)1.6 C (34.9 F)n/an/a
Jul26.3 C (79.3 F)1.2 C (34.2 F)n/an/a
Aug27.8 C (82.0 F)1.8 C (35.2 F)n/an/a
Sep32.7 C (90.9 F)2.6 C (36.7 F)n/an/a
Oct37.3 C (99.1 F)4.2 C (39.6 F)n/an/a
Nov40.3 C (104.5 F)5.6 C (42.1 F)n/an/a
Dec42.3 C (108.1 F)8.6 C (47.5 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Perth Regional Office by the year they were set 1,464 records at Perth Regional Office still stand. 1914 holds the most, with 33. 0102030401897: 201898: 141899: 131900: 161901: 191902: 181903: 191904: 191905: 181906: 141907: 211908: 231909: 131910: 131911: 171912: 121913: 151914: 331915: 171916: 291917: 221918: 191919: 171920: 191921: 131922: 181923: 81924: 171925: 161926: 121927: 151928: 141929: 171930: 101931: 191932: 121933: 211934: 101935: 161936: 111937: 121938: 91939: 141940: 181941: 111942: 71943: 61944: 101945: 141946: 91947: 191948: 131949: 61950: 181951: 131952: 131953: 141954: 161955: 141956: 151957: 121958: 71959: 171960: 161961: 131962: 171963: 81964: 181965: 91966: 91967: 181968: 251969: 131970: 111971: 221972: 201973: 81974: 81975: 161976: 211977: 201978: 281979: 121980: 141981: 131982: 201983: 171984: 101985: 301986: 41987: 171988: 191989: 141990: 141991: 231992: 11897190719171927193719471957196719771987
1,464 records at Perth Regional Office still stand. 1914 holds the most, with 33.
Standing records at Perth Regional Office by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
189720
189814
189913
190016
190119
190218
190319
190419
190518
190614
190721
190823
190913
191013
191117
191212
191315
191433
191517
191629
191722
191819
191917
192019
192113
192218
19238
192417
192516
192612
192715
192814
192917
193010
193119
193212
193321
193410
193516
193611
193712
19389
193914
194018
194111
19427
19436
194410
194514
19469
194719
194813
19496
195018
195113
195213
195314
195416
195514
195615
195712
19587
195917
196016
196113
196217
19638
196418
19659
19669
196718
196825
196913
197011
197122
197220
19738
19748
197516
197621
197720
197828
197912
198014
198113
198220
198317
198410
198530
19864
198717
198819
198914
199014
199123
19921

All-Time Record Progression

9 new records
When Perth Regional Office set new all-time records 9 all-time records were set at Perth Regional Office between 10 June 1920 and 9 February 1992. Each dot is a new record. Record daily precipitationRecord high maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature10 June 1920: Record daily precipitation 99.1 mm (3.9 in)7 February 1933: Record high maximum temperature 44.3 C (111.7 F)8 February 1933: Record high maximum temperature 44.6 C (112.3 F)5 August 1951: Record low maximum temperature 9.9 C (49.8 F)26 June 1956: Record low maximum temperature 8.8 C (47.8 F)12 January 1978: Record high maximum temperature 44.7 C (112.5 F)31 January 1991: Record high maximum temperature 45.8 C (114.4 F)23 February 1991: Record high maximum temperature 46.2 C (115.2 F)9 February 1992: Record daily precipitation 120.6 mm (4.7 in)19201930194019501960197019801990
9 all-time records were set at Perth Regional Office between 10 June 1920 and 9 February 1992. Each dot is a new record.
When Perth Regional Office set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1920-06-10Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 99.1 mm (3.9 in)
1933-02-07Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 44.3 C (111.7 F)
1933-02-08Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 44.6 C (112.3 F)
1951-08-05Record low maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature 9.9 C (49.8 F)
1956-06-26Record low maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature 8.8 C (47.8 F)
1978-01-12Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 44.7 C (112.5 F)
1991-01-31Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 45.8 C (114.4 F)
1991-02-23Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 46.2 C (115.2 F)
1992-02-09Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 120.6 mm (4.7 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Feb: 120.6 mm (4.7 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Perth Regional Office The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Perth Regional Office. The most was 120.6 mm (4.7 in) on 9 February 1992. 050100150 Jan: 54.6 mm (2.1 in), 21 January 1982 Jan Feb: 120.6 mm (4.7 in), 9 February 1992 Feb Mar: 77.0 mm (3.0 in), 9 March 1934 Mar Apr: 66.5 mm (2.6 in), 30 April 1904 Apr May: 76.2 mm (3.0 in), 17 May 1942 May Jun: 99.1 mm (3.9 in), 10 June 1920 Jun Jul: 95.0 mm (3.7 in), 29 July 1987 Jul Aug: 73.9 mm (2.9 in), 14 August 1945 Aug Sep: 51.8 mm (2.0 in), 14 September 1984 Sep Oct: 55.4 mm (2.2 in), 1 October 1978 Oct Nov: 39.1 mm (1.5 in), 29 November 1956 Nov Dec: 46.7 mm (1.8 in), 3 December 1951 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Perth Regional Office. The most was 120.6 mm (4.7 in) on 9 February 1992.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Perth Regional Office
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan54.6 mm (2.1 in)21 January 1982
Feb120.6 mm (4.7 in)9 February 1992
Mar77.0 mm (3.0 in)9 March 1934
Apr66.5 mm (2.6 in)30 April 1904
May76.2 mm (3.0 in)17 May 1942
Jun99.1 mm (3.9 in)10 June 1920
Jul95.0 mm (3.7 in)29 July 1987
Aug73.9 mm (2.9 in)14 August 1945
Sep51.8 mm (2.0 in)14 September 1984
Oct55.4 mm (2.2 in)1 October 1978
Nov39.1 mm (1.5 in)29 November 1956
Dec46.7 mm (1.8 in)3 December 1951

Period of Record Coverage

1897 to 1992
Days with data per year at Perth Regional Office 96 years of record at Perth Regional Office, 1897 to 1992. 1 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1992. 1897: 365 of 365 days1898: 365 of 365 days1899: 365 of 365 days1900: 365 of 365 days1901: 365 of 365 days1902: 365 of 365 days1903: 365 of 365 days1904: 366 of 366 days1905: 365 of 365 days1906: 365 of 365 days1907: 365 of 365 days1908: 366 of 366 days1909: 365 of 365 days1910: 365 of 365 days1911: 365 of 365 days1912: 366 of 366 days1913: 365 of 365 days1914: 365 of 365 days1915: 365 of 365 days1916: 366 of 366 days1917: 365 of 365 days1918: 365 of 365 days1919: 365 of 365 days1920: 366 of 366 days1921: 365 of 365 days1922: 365 of 365 days1923: 365 of 365 days1924: 366 of 366 days1925: 365 of 365 days1926: 365 of 365 days1927: 365 of 365 days1928: 366 of 366 days1929: 365 of 365 days1930: 365 of 365 days1931: 365 of 365 days1932: 366 of 366 days1933: 365 of 365 days1934: 365 of 365 days1935: 365 of 365 days1936: 366 of 366 days1937: 365 of 365 days1938: 365 of 365 days1939: 365 of 365 days1940: 366 of 366 days1941: 365 of 365 days1942: 365 of 365 days1943: 365 of 365 days1944: 366 of 366 days1945: 365 of 365 days1946: 365 of 365 days1947: 365 of 365 days1948: 366 of 366 days1949: 365 of 365 days1950: 365 of 365 days1951: 365 of 365 days1952: 366 of 366 days1953: 365 of 365 days1954: 365 of 365 days1955: 365 of 365 days1956: 366 of 366 days1957: 365 of 365 days1958: 365 of 365 days1959: 365 of 365 days1960: 366 of 366 days1961: 365 of 365 days1962: 365 of 365 days1963: 365 of 365 days1964: 366 of 366 days1965: 365 of 365 days1966: 365 of 365 days1967: 365 of 365 days1968: 366 of 366 days1969: 365 of 365 days1970: 365 of 365 days1971: 365 of 365 days1972: 366 of 366 days1973: 365 of 365 days1974: 365 of 365 days1975: 365 of 365 days1976: 366 of 366 days1977: 365 of 365 days1978: 365 of 365 days1979: 365 of 365 days1980: 366 of 366 days1981: 365 of 365 days1982: 365 of 365 days1983: 365 of 365 days1984: 366 of 366 days1985: 365 of 365 days1986: 365 of 365 days1987: 365 of 365 days1988: 366 of 366 days1989: 365 of 365 days1990: 365 of 365 days1991: 365 of 365 days1992: 120 of 366 days190519201935195019651980
96 years of record at Perth Regional Office, 1897 to 1992. 1 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1992.
Days with data per year at Perth Regional Office
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
1897365100%Yes
1898365100%Yes
1899365100%Yes
1900365100%Yes
1901365100%Yes
1902365100%Yes
1903365100%Yes
1904366100%Yes
1905365100%Yes
1906365100%Yes
1907365100%Yes
1908366100%Yes
1909365100%Yes
1910365100%Yes
1911365100%Yes
1912366100%Yes
1913365100%Yes
1914365100%Yes
1915365100%Yes
1916366100%Yes
1917365100%Yes
1918365100%Yes
1919365100%Yes
1920366100%Yes
1921365100%Yes
1922365100%Yes
1923365100%Yes
1924366100%Yes
1925365100%Yes
1926365100%Yes
1927365100%Yes
1928366100%Yes
1929365100%Yes
1930365100%Yes
1931365100%Yes
1932366100%Yes
1933365100%Yes
1934365100%Yes
1935365100%Yes
1936366100%Yes
1937365100%Yes
1938365100%Yes
1939365100%Yes
1940366100%Yes
1941365100%Yes
1942365100%Yes
1943365100%Yes
1944366100%Yes
1945365100%Yes
1946365100%Yes
1947365100%Yes
1948366100%Yes
1949365100%Yes
1950365100%Yes
1951365100%Yes
1952366100%Yes
1953365100%Yes
1954365100%Yes
1955365100%Yes
1956366100%Yes
1957365100%Yes
1958365100%Yes
1959365100%Yes
1960366100%Yes
1961365100%Yes
1962365100%Yes
1963365100%Yes
1964366100%Yes
1965365100%Yes
1966365100%Yes
1967365100%Yes
1968366100%Yes
1969365100%Yes
1970365100%Yes
1971365100%Yes
1972366100%Yes
1973365100%Yes
1974365100%Yes
1975365100%Yes
1976366100%Yes
1977365100%Yes
1978365100%Yes
1979365100%Yes
1980366100%Yes
1981365100%Yes
1982365100%Yes
1983365100%Yes
1984366100%Yes
1985365100%Yes
1986365100%Yes
1987365100%Yes
1988366100%Yes
1989365100%Yes
1990365100%Yes
1991365100%Yes
199212033%No

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Perth Regional Office
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
18 March 1992Perth Regional Office, AUdaily rain25.0 mm (1.0 in)7.7 mm (0.30 in)77 years43 of 100 (Notable)
9 February 1992Perth Regional Office, AUall-time rain120.6 mm (4.7 in)21.5 mm (0.8 in)71 years75 of 100 (Major)
31 January 1992Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min25.6 C (78.1 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)24 years16 of 100 (Routine)
26 December 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily rain14.0 mm (0.6 in)7.1 mm (0.28 in)100 years20 of 100 (Routine)
17 December 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min26.3 C (79.3 F)0.2 C (0.4 F)57 years26 of 100 (Routine)
17 December 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max39.8 C (103.6 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)37 years21 of 100 (Routine)
16 December 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max40.9 C (105.6 F)2.3 C (4.1 F)92 years40 of 100 (Notable)
28 November 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max37.7 C (99.9 F)2.9 C (5.2 F)21 years21 of 100 (Routine)
14 November 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily rain17.6 mm (0.7 in)4.6 mm (0.18 in)41 years20 of 100 (Routine)
13 November 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily rain21.8 mm (0.9 in)1.2 mm (0.05 in)44 years20 of 100 (Routine)
13 October 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min21.3 C (70.3 F)3.0 C (5.4 F)22 years26 of 100 (Routine)
10 October 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max30.4 C (86.7 F)0.7 C (1.3 F)25 years17 of 100 (Routine)
10 October 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min19.4 C (66.9 F)1.7 C (3.1 F)8 years17 of 100 (Routine)
9 October 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max32.8 C (91.0 F)4.0 C (7.2 F)82 years43 of 100 (Notable)
10 August 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max24.1 C (75.4 F)0.9 C (1.6 F)1 year12 of 100 (Routine)
30 July 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min (Tie)14.3 C (57.7 F)tie20 years3 of 100 (Routine)
8 July 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily low min3.3 C (37.9 F)0.4 C (0.7 F)74 years32 of 100 (Routine)
1 July 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high max24.1 C (75.4 F)0.9 C (1.6 F)41 years25 of 100 (Routine)
24 June 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min16.8 C (62.2 F)1.1 C (2.0 F)2 years12 of 100 (Routine)
23 June 1991Perth Regional Office, AUdaily high min16.3 C (61.3 F)1.0 C (1.8 F)26 years20 of 100 (Routine)

Climate Trend

95 complete years, 1897 to 1991
Annual mean temperature at Perth Regional Office as warming stripes, 1897 to 1991 One stripe for each of 95 complete years at Perth Regional Office, 1897 to 1991. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 18.3 C (64.9 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1917, at 17.2 C (62.9 F), and the warmest was 1978, at 19.9 C (67.8 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.7 C (3.1 F). 1897: 17.6 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1898: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1899: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1900: 17.8 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1901: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1902: 17.4 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1903: 17.6 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1904: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1905: 17.6 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1906: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1907: 18.2 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1908: 17.3 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1909: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1910: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1911: 17.4 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1912: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1913: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1914: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1915: 18.6 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1916: 17.6 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1917: 17.2 C, -1.1 C from the station mean1918: 18.5 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1919: 17.5 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1920: 18.4 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1921: 18.9 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1922: 17.5 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1923: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1924: 17.8 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1925: 17.8 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1926: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1927: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1928: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1929: 17.6 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1930: 18.6 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1931: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1932: 18.2 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1933: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1934: 18.4 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1935: 17.8 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1936: 18.5 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1937: 18.3 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1938: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1939: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1940: 18.3 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1941: 18.2 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1942: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1943: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1944: 18.2 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1945: 18.6 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1946: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1947: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1948: 18.4 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1949: 18.8 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1950: 18.2 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1951: 17.5 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1952: 17.8 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1953: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1954: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1955: 17.9 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1956: 17.7 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1957: 18.3 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1958: 18.5 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1959: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1960: 17.4 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1961: 18.8 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1962: 18.9 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1963: 19.0 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1964: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1965: 18.6 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1966: 18.0 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1967: 19.0 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1968: 17.5 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1969: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1970: 18.8 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1971: 18.1 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1972: 19.7 C, +1.4 C from the station mean1973: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1974: 19.0 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1975: 19.0 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1976: 19.6 C, +1.3 C from the station mean1977: 19.5 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1978: 19.9 C, +1.6 C from the station mean1979: 19.0 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1980: 18.9 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1981: 18.8 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1982: 18.9 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1983: 19.6 C, +1.3 C from the station mean1984: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1985: 19.5 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1986: 18.4 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1987: 19.3 C, +1.0 C from the station mean1988: 19.8 C, +1.5 C from the station mean1989: 19.2 C, +0.9 C from the station mean1990: 18.7 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1991: 19.3 C, +1.0 C from the station mean1897191019201930194019501960197019801990
One stripe for each of 95 complete years at Perth Regional Office, 1897 to 1991. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 18.3 C (64.9 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1917, at 17.2 C (62.9 F), and the warmest was 1978, at 19.9 C (67.8 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.7 C (3.1 F).
Annual mean temperature at Perth Regional Office as warming stripes, 1897 to 1991
YearAnnual mean temperatureDifference from the station mean
189717.6 C-0.66 C
189818.1 C-0.16 C
189917.7 C-0.57 C
190017.8 C-0.54 C
190117.7 C-0.60 C
190217.4 C-0.86 C
190317.6 C-0.69 C
190418.0 C-0.34 C
190517.6 C-0.75 C
190618.1 C-0.20 C
190718.2 C-0.13 C
190817.3 C-0.99 C
190917.9 C-0.44 C
191018.0 C-0.34 C
191117.4 C-0.95 C
191218.1 C-0.18 C
191317.7 C-0.62 C
191418.0 C-0.33 C
191518.6 C+0.34 C
191617.6 C-0.69 C
191717.2 C-1.13 C
191818.5 C+0.19 C
191917.5 C-0.78 C
192018.4 C+0.09 C
192118.9 C+0.63 C
192217.5 C-0.82 C
192318.0 C-0.30 C
192417.8 C-0.46 C
192517.8 C-0.54 C
192617.9 C-0.39 C
192718.1 C-0.22 C
192817.9 C-0.37 C
192917.6 C-0.72 C
193018.6 C+0.27 C
193118.0 C-0.28 C
193218.2 C-0.07 C
193318.7 C+0.37 C
193418.4 C+0.08 C
193517.8 C-0.54 C
193618.5 C+0.24 C
193718.3 C-0.01 C
193818.0 C-0.34 C
193918.1 C-0.20 C
194018.3 C+0.03 C
194118.2 C-0.07 C
194217.9 C-0.43 C
194317.7 C-0.59 C
194418.2 C-0.08 C
194518.6 C+0.28 C
194617.7 C-0.59 C
194717.9 C-0.41 C
194818.4 C+0.07 C
194918.8 C+0.53 C
195018.2 C-0.06 C
195117.5 C-0.76 C
195217.8 C-0.55 C
195317.7 C-0.56 C
195417.9 C-0.42 C
195517.9 C-0.43 C
195617.7 C-0.57 C
195718.3 C+0.04 C
195818.5 C+0.19 C
195918.7 C+0.41 C
196017.4 C-0.92 C
196118.8 C+0.52 C
196218.9 C+0.59 C
196319.0 C+0.69 C
196418.0 C-0.33 C
196518.6 C+0.29 C
196618.0 C-0.32 C
196719.0 C+0.71 C
196817.5 C-0.85 C
196918.7 C+0.41 C
197018.8 C+0.52 C
197118.1 C-0.25 C
197219.7 C+1.38 C
197318.7 C+0.39 C
197419.0 C+0.68 C
197519.0 C+0.68 C
197619.6 C+1.27 C
197719.5 C+1.24 C
197819.9 C+1.61 C
197919.0 C+0.67 C
198018.9 C+0.59 C
198118.8 C+0.45 C
198218.9 C+0.61 C
198319.6 C+1.34 C
198418.7 C+0.42 C
198519.5 C+1.23 C
198618.4 C+0.13 C
198719.3 C+0.95 C
198819.8 C+1.52 C
198919.2 C+0.85 C
199018.7 C+0.40 C
199119.3 C+1.04 C

The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade over 1897 to 1991. In Fahrenheit: 0.3 F (0.2 to 0.3) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 95 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.

Fitted temperature trends per decade at Perth Regional Office
MeasurePer decade (C)Per decade (F)PeriodComplete yearsReading
Annual mean temperature0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade0.3 F (0.2 to 0.3) per decade1897 to 199195Rise
Mean daily maximum0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade0.3 F (0.2 to 0.4) per decade1897 to 199195Rise
Mean daily minimum0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade0.3 F (0.2 to 0.4) per decade1897 to 199195Rise

A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.

Extremes by Year

1877 to 1992
Yearly extremes at Perth Regional Office: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)46.2 C (115.2 F)199141.0 C (105.7 F)96
Coldest night (TNn)1.2 C (34.2 F)19163.6 C (38.5 F)96
Wettest day (Rx1day)120.6 mm (4.7 in)199247.9 mm (1.9 in)114
Wettest five days (Rx5day)219.4 mm (8.6 in)194593.5 mm (3.7 in)114
Longest dry spell (CDD)82 days188843 days114

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Perth Regional Office by year The hottest day of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 46.2 C (115.2 F) in 1991, marked on the chart; the median year is 41.0 C (105.7 F). 3537.54042.54547.5188019001920194019601980Record: 46.2 C (115.2 F) in 1991
The hottest day of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 46.2 C (115.2 F) in 1991, marked on the chart; the median year is 41.0 C (105.7 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Perth Regional Office by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
1877n/a
1880n/a
1881n/a
1882n/a
1883n/a
1884n/a
1885n/a
1886n/a
1887n/a
1888n/a
1889n/a
1890n/a
1891n/a
1892n/a
1893n/a
1894n/a
1895n/a
1896n/a
189741.7 C (107.1 F)
189841.6 C (106.9 F)
189939.3 C (102.7 F)
190041.1 C (106.0 F)
190140.4 C (104.7 F)
190239.8 C (103.6 F)
190341.1 C (106.0 F)
190442.2 C (108.0 F)
190537.2 C (99.0 F)
190640.2 C (104.4 F)
190739.8 C (103.6 F)
190840.4 C (104.7 F)
190939.9 C (103.8 F)
191039.4 C (102.9 F)
191138.4 C (101.1 F)
191241.4 C (106.5 F)
191340.3 C (104.5 F)
191441.2 C (106.2 F)
191541.8 C (107.2 F)
191639.2 C (102.6 F)
191738.9 C (102.0 F)
191841.7 C (107.1 F)
191939.6 C (103.3 F)
192041.6 C (106.9 F)
192142.4 C (108.3 F)
192241.3 C (106.3 F)
192341.9 C (107.4 F)
192441.0 C (105.8 F)
192538.9 C (102.0 F)
192640.9 C (105.6 F)
192740.9 C (105.6 F)
192838.1 C (100.6 F)
192940.2 C (104.4 F)
193042.2 C (108.0 F)
193140.2 C (104.4 F)
193241.3 C (106.3 F)
193344.6 C (112.3 F)
193443.4 C (110.1 F)
193541.3 C (106.3 F)
193640.3 C (104.5 F)
193742.3 C (108.1 F)
193839.7 C (103.5 F)
193940.9 C (105.6 F)
194043.8 C (110.8 F)
194139.4 C (102.9 F)
194240.3 C (104.5 F)
194338.2 C (100.8 F)
194439.6 C (103.3 F)
194541.7 C (107.1 F)
194637.8 C (100.0 F)
194737.9 C (100.2 F)
194841.5 C (106.7 F)
194940.3 C (104.5 F)
195041.8 C (107.2 F)
195140.0 C (104.0 F)
195240.1 C (104.2 F)
195339.9 C (103.8 F)
195439.9 C (103.8 F)
195540.6 C (105.1 F)
195643.7 C (110.7 F)
195739.6 C (103.3 F)
195839.9 C (103.8 F)
195941.8 C (107.2 F)
196039.5 C (103.1 F)
196143.5 C (110.3 F)
196240.8 C (105.4 F)
196339.5 C (103.1 F)
196441.0 C (105.8 F)
196541.3 C (106.3 F)
196639.5 C (103.1 F)
196740.6 C (105.1 F)
196842.8 C (109.0 F)
196943.4 C (110.1 F)
197040.1 C (104.2 F)
197141.3 C (106.3 F)
197240.3 C (104.5 F)
197340.9 C (105.6 F)
197442.2 C (108.0 F)
197540.9 C (105.6 F)
197641.2 C (106.2 F)
197742.7 C (108.9 F)
197844.7 C (112.5 F)
197942.6 C (108.7 F)
198042.2 C (108.0 F)
198141.8 C (107.2 F)
198244.0 C (111.2 F)
198339.5 C (103.1 F)
198443.2 C (109.8 F)
198543.7 C (110.7 F)
198641.4 C (106.5 F)
198741.2 C (106.2 F)
198842.2 C (108.0 F)
198942.6 C (108.7 F)
199042.3 C (108.1 F)
199146.2 C (115.2 F)
199240.7 C (105.3 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Perth Regional Office by year The coldest night of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 1.2 C (34.2 F) in 1916, marked on the chart; the median year is 3.6 C (38.5 F). 051015188019001920194019601980Record: 1.2 C (34.2 F) in 1916
The coldest night of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 1.2 C (34.2 F) in 1916, marked on the chart; the median year is 3.6 C (38.5 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Perth Regional Office by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1877n/a
1880n/a
1881n/a
1882n/a
1883n/a
1884n/a
1885n/a
1886n/a
1887n/a
1888n/a
1889n/a
1890n/a
1891n/a
1892n/a
1893n/a
1894n/a
1895n/a
1896n/a
18973.1 C (37.6 F)
18982.7 C (36.9 F)
18993.4 C (38.1 F)
19003.9 C (39.0 F)
19013.7 C (38.7 F)
19023.4 C (38.1 F)
19034.5 C (40.1 F)
19043.3 C (37.9 F)
19053.8 C (38.8 F)
19062.4 C (36.3 F)
19074.2 C (39.6 F)
19081.8 C (35.2 F)
19094.3 C (39.7 F)
19105.1 C (41.2 F)
19112.2 C (36.0 F)
19122.8 C (37.0 F)
19132.8 C (37.0 F)
19141.3 C (34.3 F)
19154.0 C (39.2 F)
19161.2 C (34.2 F)
19172.2 C (36.0 F)
19183.5 C (38.3 F)
19193.9 C (39.0 F)
19201.7 C (35.1 F)
19214.3 C (39.7 F)
19222.8 C (37.0 F)
19234.6 C (40.3 F)
19243.4 C (38.1 F)
19252.8 C (37.0 F)
19264.0 C (39.2 F)
19273.3 C (37.9 F)
19284.3 C (39.7 F)
19293.3 C (37.9 F)
19305.0 C (41.0 F)
19312.9 C (37.2 F)
19323.6 C (38.5 F)
19333.1 C (37.6 F)
19342.9 C (37.2 F)
19353.1 C (37.6 F)
19363.2 C (37.8 F)
19372.2 C (36.0 F)
19385.2 C (41.4 F)
19393.9 C (39.0 F)
19403.4 C (38.1 F)
19415.3 C (41.5 F)
19423.3 C (37.9 F)
19432.0 C (35.6 F)
19443.6 C (38.5 F)
19454.2 C (39.6 F)
19461.8 C (35.2 F)
19472.9 C (37.2 F)
19484.0 C (39.2 F)
19494.1 C (39.4 F)
19502.4 C (36.3 F)
19513.1 C (37.6 F)
19523.1 C (37.6 F)
19533.9 C (39.0 F)
19543.1 C (37.6 F)
19551.6 C (34.9 F)
19562.3 C (36.1 F)
19572.8 C (37.0 F)
19584.0 C (39.2 F)
19593.9 C (39.0 F)
19602.7 C (36.9 F)
19614.4 C (39.9 F)
19623.9 C (39.0 F)
19635.1 C (41.2 F)
19643.0 C (37.4 F)
19654.5 C (40.1 F)
19663.9 C (39.0 F)
19673.7 C (38.7 F)
19682.4 C (36.3 F)
19692.2 C (36.0 F)
19705.6 C (42.1 F)
19713.8 C (38.8 F)
19723.9 C (39.0 F)
19733.4 C (38.1 F)
19744.8 C (40.6 F)
19753.9 C (39.0 F)
19764.3 C (39.7 F)
19774.0 C (39.2 F)
19783.9 C (39.0 F)
19794.0 C (39.2 F)
19804.9 C (40.8 F)
19813.7 C (38.7 F)
19824.6 C (40.3 F)
19834.3 C (39.7 F)
19844.2 C (39.6 F)
19854.1 C (39.4 F)
19863.8 C (38.8 F)
19873.6 C (38.5 F)
19885.0 C (41.0 F)
19893.6 C (38.5 F)
19902.4 C (36.3 F)
19913.3 C (37.9 F)
199211.3 C (52.3 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Perth Regional Office by year The wettest day of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 120.6 mm (4.7 in) in 1992, marked on the chart; the median year is 47.9 mm (1.9 in). 050100150188019001920194019601980Record: 120.6 mm (4.7 in) in 1992
The wettest day of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 120.6 mm (4.7 in) in 1992, marked on the chart; the median year is 47.9 mm (1.9 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Perth Regional Office by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
18770.0 mm (0.00 in)
188043.2 mm (1.7 in)
188145.7 mm (1.8 in)
188243.4 mm (1.7 in)
188355.4 mm (2.2 in)
188440.6 mm (1.6 in)
188541.7 mm (1.6 in)
188638.6 mm (1.5 in)
188768.6 mm (2.7 in)
188843.7 mm (1.7 in)
188964.3 mm (2.5 in)
189062.0 mm (2.4 in)
189176.2 mm (3.0 in)
189257.4 mm (2.3 in)
189352.8 mm (2.1 in)
189431.2 mm (1.2 in)
189544.2 mm (1.7 in)
189634.0 mm (1.3 in)
189744.7 mm (1.8 in)
189836.6 mm (1.4 in)
189945.2 mm (1.8 in)
190067.3 mm (2.6 in)
190156.4 mm (2.2 in)
190258.2 mm (2.3 in)
190370.9 mm (2.8 in)
190466.5 mm (2.6 in)
190543.9 mm (1.7 in)
190642.4 mm (1.7 in)
190753.3 mm (2.1 in)
190848.0 mm (1.9 in)
190953.3 mm (2.1 in)
191042.4 mm (1.7 in)
191147.8 mm (1.9 in)
191247.8 mm (1.9 in)
191355.6 mm (2.2 in)
191436.8 mm (1.4 in)
191544.7 mm (1.8 in)
191639.4 mm (1.6 in)
191756.4 mm (2.2 in)
191851.8 mm (2.0 in)
191968.6 mm (2.7 in)
192099.1 mm (3.9 in)
192155.1 mm (2.2 in)
192263.5 mm (2.5 in)
192355.1 mm (2.2 in)
192435.6 mm (1.4 in)
192551.8 mm (2.0 in)
192647.2 mm (1.9 in)
192746.5 mm (1.8 in)
192864.5 mm (2.5 in)
192954.9 mm (2.2 in)
193054.9 mm (2.2 in)
193155.6 mm (2.2 in)
193251.3 mm (2.0 in)
193343.9 mm (1.7 in)
193477.0 mm (3.0 in)
193535.8 mm (1.4 in)
193658.2 mm (2.3 in)
193760.2 mm (2.4 in)
193834.8 mm (1.4 in)
193948.3 mm (1.9 in)
194042.4 mm (1.7 in)
194142.9 mm (1.7 in)
194276.2 mm (3.0 in)
194348.5 mm (1.9 in)
194441.7 mm (1.6 in)
194586.1 mm (3.4 in)
194641.4 mm (1.6 in)
194768.6 mm (2.7 in)
194867.3 mm (2.6 in)
194943.9 mm (1.7 in)
195037.1 mm (1.5 in)
195147.2 mm (1.9 in)
195252.1 mm (2.1 in)
195367.6 mm (2.7 in)
195435.8 mm (1.4 in)
195587.1 mm (3.4 in)
195640.1 mm (1.6 in)
195741.1 mm (1.6 in)
195843.2 mm (1.7 in)
195933.0 mm (1.3 in)
196030.5 mm (1.2 in)
196138.9 mm (1.5 in)
196230.7 mm (1.2 in)
196333.5 mm (1.3 in)
196443.2 mm (1.7 in)
196562.0 mm (2.4 in)
196647.2 mm (1.9 in)
196769.6 mm (2.7 in)
196870.1 mm (2.8 in)
196955.6 mm (2.2 in)
197054.4 mm (2.1 in)
197142.2 mm (1.7 in)
197262.2 mm (2.4 in)
197341.1 mm (1.6 in)
197443.0 mm (1.7 in)
197537.2 mm (1.5 in)
197641.4 mm (1.6 in)
197744.6 mm (1.8 in)
197860.2 mm (2.4 in)
197929.0 mm (1.1 in)
198045.4 mm (1.8 in)
198154.4 mm (2.1 in)
198254.6 mm (2.1 in)
198345.8 mm (1.8 in)
198451.8 mm (2.0 in)
198559.4 mm (2.3 in)
198677.0 mm (3.0 in)
198795.0 mm (3.7 in)
198869.0 mm (2.7 in)
198950.0 mm (2.0 in)
199044.8 mm (1.8 in)
199138.0 mm (1.5 in)
1992120.6 mm (4.7 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Perth Regional Office by year The wettest five days of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 219.4 mm (8.6 in) in 1945, marked on the chart; the median year is 93.5 mm (3.7 in). 0100200300188019001920194019601980Record: 219.4 mm (8.6 in) in 1945
The wettest five days of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 219.4 mm (8.6 in) in 1945, marked on the chart; the median year is 93.5 mm (3.7 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Perth Regional Office by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
18770.0 mm (0.00 in)
188096.9 mm (3.8 in)
188171.6 mm (2.8 in)
1882102.1 mm (4.0 in)
1883175.0 mm (6.9 in)
188496.0 mm (3.8 in)
1885106.2 mm (4.2 in)
188676.0 mm (3.0 in)
1887126.7 mm (5.0 in)
188875.9 mm (3.0 in)
1889116.1 mm (4.6 in)
1890164.4 mm (6.5 in)
1891145.6 mm (5.7 in)
189280.8 mm (3.2 in)
189391.9 mm (3.6 in)
1894101.0 mm (4.0 in)
1895107.4 mm (4.2 in)
189682.9 mm (3.3 in)
189772.6 mm (2.9 in)
189873.7 mm (2.9 in)
189996.6 mm (3.8 in)
1900127.1 mm (5.0 in)
1901105.4 mm (4.1 in)
1902101.9 mm (4.0 in)
1903112.5 mm (4.4 in)
1904104.2 mm (4.1 in)
190589.6 mm (3.5 in)
190683.6 mm (3.3 in)
1907126.8 mm (5.0 in)
190877.7 mm (3.1 in)
1909125.8 mm (5.0 in)
191090.2 mm (3.6 in)
191174.6 mm (2.9 in)
191283.4 mm (3.3 in)
191392.2 mm (3.6 in)
191464.7 mm (2.5 in)
1915101.2 mm (4.0 in)
191674.8 mm (2.9 in)
191782.3 mm (3.2 in)
191885.0 mm (3.3 in)
191984.1 mm (3.3 in)
1920166.7 mm (6.6 in)
1921128.5 mm (5.1 in)
192286.9 mm (3.4 in)
1923111.8 mm (4.4 in)
192492.9 mm (3.7 in)
192586.9 mm (3.4 in)
1926112.5 mm (4.4 in)
192799.9 mm (3.9 in)
1928132.6 mm (5.2 in)
1929105.0 mm (4.1 in)
1930127.0 mm (5.0 in)
193196.3 mm (3.8 in)
1932106.5 mm (4.2 in)
193390.6 mm (3.6 in)
1934113.5 mm (4.5 in)
193577.0 mm (3.0 in)
193675.7 mm (3.0 in)
193791.7 mm (3.6 in)
193867.6 mm (2.7 in)
1939121.1 mm (4.8 in)
194062.9 mm (2.5 in)
194171.9 mm (2.8 in)
1942106.5 mm (4.2 in)
1943110.0 mm (4.3 in)
194456.4 mm (2.2 in)
1945219.4 mm (8.6 in)
194682.0 mm (3.2 in)
1947143.3 mm (5.6 in)
1948124.5 mm (4.9 in)
194959.2 mm (2.3 in)
195073.1 mm (2.9 in)
195199.3 mm (3.9 in)
195288.2 mm (3.5 in)
195381.8 mm (3.2 in)
195478.7 mm (3.1 in)
1955162.2 mm (6.4 in)
195686.0 mm (3.4 in)
1957106.2 mm (4.2 in)
1958144.4 mm (5.7 in)
195985.9 mm (3.4 in)
196065.5 mm (2.6 in)
196172.7 mm (2.9 in)
196277.4 mm (3.0 in)
196389.1 mm (3.5 in)
1964102.6 mm (4.0 in)
1965149.8 mm (5.9 in)
196681.8 mm (3.2 in)
1967135.6 mm (5.3 in)
1968102.6 mm (4.0 in)
196973.4 mm (2.9 in)
1970104.2 mm (4.1 in)
197170.1 mm (2.8 in)
197282.3 mm (3.2 in)
197391.6 mm (3.6 in)
1974118.0 mm (4.6 in)
197594.2 mm (3.7 in)
197673.2 mm (2.9 in)
197788.4 mm (3.5 in)
1978135.4 mm (5.3 in)
197962.0 mm (2.4 in)
198097.8 mm (3.9 in)
1981115.6 mm (4.6 in)
1982103.8 mm (4.1 in)
198380.8 mm (3.2 in)
198461.4 mm (2.4 in)
198587.2 mm (3.4 in)
1986169.6 mm (6.7 in)
1987118.4 mm (4.7 in)
198894.0 mm (3.7 in)
198965.2 mm (2.6 in)
199071.0 mm (2.8 in)
1991106.8 mm (4.2 in)
1992124.8 mm (4.9 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Perth Regional Office by year The longest dry spell of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 82 days in 1888, marked on the chart; the median year is 43 days. 20406080100188019001920194019601980Record: 82 days in 1888
The longest dry spell of the year at Perth Regional Office, 1877 to 1992. The record is 82 days in 1888, marked on the chart; the median year is 43 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Perth Regional Office by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
187731 days
188037 days
188165 days
188260 days
188320 days
188452 days
188578 days
188642 days
188735 days
188882 days
188927 days
189054 days
189159 days
189245 days
189346 days
189443 days
189531 days
189646 days
189744 days
189838 days
189941 days
190031 days
190141 days
190253 days
190365 days
190434 days
190571 days
190649 days
190729 days
190838 days
190949 days
191064 days
191168 days
191250 days
191353 days
191435 days
191528 days
191629 days
191740 days
191836 days
191932 days
192068 days
192149 days
192224 days
192363 days
192442 days
192532 days
192644 days
192728 days
192856 days
192943 days
193054 days
193161 days
193268 days
193340 days
193441 days
193537 days
193661 days
193741 days
193840 days
193932 days
194025 days
194151 days
194259 days
194335 days
194465 days
194541 days
194661 days
194742 days
194853 days
194942 days
195069 days
195134 days
195240 days
195355 days
195433 days
195536 days
195659 days
195738 days
195866 days
195933 days
196045 days
196120 days
196262 days
196334 days
196454 days
196556 days
196649 days
196727 days
196832 days
196951 days
197051 days
197132 days
197261 days
197375 days
197441 days
197566 days
197644 days
197733 days
197835 days
197951 days
198041 days
198143 days
198240 days
198334 days
198451 days
198558 days
198642 days
198775 days
198882 days
198932 days
199026 days
199138 days
199229 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Rainfall Return Levels

112 years, 1880 to 1991

A day with at least 49.1 mm (1.9 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 97.3 mm (3.8 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Perth Regional Office: the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years49.1 mm (1.9 in)
5 years61.5 mm (2.4 in)
10 years69.9 mm (2.8 in)
25 years80.8 mm (3.2 in)
50 years89.0 mm (3.5 in)
100 years97.3 mm (3.8 in)

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 112 years of values from 1880 to 1991.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 99.1 mm (3.9 in) in 1920; 95.0 mm (3.7 in) in 1987; 87.1 mm (3.4 in) in 1955.

Station Changes

2 suspected

2 changes were suspected in the annual mean temperature of Perth Regional Office, at 1969 and 1987. Each is measured against neighbouring stations.

  • Relative to 5 neighbouring stations, the station's annual mean temperature from 1969 ran 0.3 C (0.6 F) higher than in the years before (likely change).
  • Relative to 5 neighbouring stations, the station's annual mean temperature from 1987 ran 0.1 C (0.3 F) higher than in the years before (possible change).
Suspected changes in the annual mean temperature at Perth Regional Office, against neighbouring stations
YearShift (C)Shift (F)StrengthNeighbours
1969+0.3+0.6likely5
1987+0.1+0.3possible5

Possible change at the station (a move, a new instrument or a new site); the record is kept as measured. A "likely" change has a larger test statistic than a "possible" one. Neither says why the station differs from its neighbours. How changes are found, and the largest ones.

Download the Data

  • Data for Perth Regional Office standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Perth Regional Office threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-14).