Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Woomera (Oakden Hills) Weather Records (ASN00016033)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Woomera (Oakden Hills) (ASN00016033), Australia, with 147 years of record.

Key Facts for Woomera (Oakden Hills)

  • Woomera (Oakden Hills) (ASN00016033) is a weather station in Australia at -31.66 latitude and 137.04 longitude, 134 m (440 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1879 to 2025, 147 years of record.
  • 0 records set at Woomera (Oakden Hills) still stand.
  • Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Woomera (Oakden Hills) set a daily record precipitation of 16.2 mm (0.6 in) on 15 July 2025.

About the Station

  • Location: Australia, -31.66 latitude, 137.04 longitude.
  • Elevation: 134 m (440 ft).
  • Period of record: 1879 to 2025, 147 years.
  • Eligible elements: prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Woomera (Oakden Hills), with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Woomera (Oakden Hills). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. 000111 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Woomera (Oakden Hills). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Woomera (Oakden Hills), with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jann/an/an/an/a
Febn/an/an/an/a
Marn/an/an/an/a
Aprn/an/an/an/a
Mayn/an/an/an/a
Junn/an/an/an/a
Juln/an/an/an/a
Augn/an/an/an/a
Sepn/an/an/an/a
Octn/an/an/an/a
Novn/an/an/an/a
Decn/an/an/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

0 standing records
Standing records at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by the year they were set 0 records at Woomera (Oakden Hills) still stand. 00000000000
0 records at Woomera (Oakden Hills) still stand.
Standing records at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by the year they were set
Year setStanding records

All-Time Record Progression

3 new records
When Woomera (Oakden Hills) set new all-time records 3 all-time records were set at Woomera (Oakden Hills) between 31 March 1931 and 14 March 1989. Each dot is a new record. Record daily precipitation31 March 1931: Record daily precipitation 84.3 mm (3.3 in)19 February 1938: Record daily precipitation 94.0 mm (3.7 in)14 March 1989: Record daily precipitation 118.4 mm (4.7 in)194019501960197019801990
3 all-time records were set at Woomera (Oakden Hills) between 31 March 1931 and 14 March 1989. Each dot is a new record.
When Woomera (Oakden Hills) set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1931-03-31Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 84.3 mm (3.3 in)
1938-02-19Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 94.0 mm (3.7 in)
1989-03-14Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 118.4 mm (4.7 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Mar: 118.4 mm (4.7 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Woomera (Oakden Hills) The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Woomera (Oakden Hills). The most was 118.4 mm (4.7 in) on 14 March 1989. 050100150 Jan: 83.1 mm (3.3 in), 16 January 1962 Jan Feb: 94.0 mm (3.7 in), 19 February 1938 Feb Mar: 118.4 mm (4.7 in), 14 March 1989 Mar Apr: 52.0 mm (2.0 in), 22 April 1980 Apr May: 47.0 mm (1.9 in), 4 May 1889 May Jun: 48.3 mm (1.9 in), 23 June 1909 Jun Jul: 44.7 mm (1.8 in), 9 July 1905 Jul Aug: 71.1 mm (2.8 in), 17 August 1886 Aug Sep: 60.5 mm (2.4 in), 17 September 1903 Sep Oct: 47.0 mm (1.9 in), 23 October 1938 Oct Nov: 50.8 mm (2.0 in), 27 November 1903 Nov Dec: 75.2 mm (3.0 in), 16 December 1992 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Woomera (Oakden Hills). The most was 118.4 mm (4.7 in) on 14 March 1989.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Woomera (Oakden Hills)
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan83.1 mm (3.3 in)16 January 1962
Feb94.0 mm (3.7 in)19 February 1938
Mar118.4 mm (4.7 in)14 March 1989
Apr52.0 mm (2.0 in)22 April 1980
May47.0 mm (1.9 in)4 May 1889
Jun48.3 mm (1.9 in)23 June 1909
Jul44.7 mm (1.8 in)9 July 1905
Aug71.1 mm (2.8 in)17 August 1886
Sep60.5 mm (2.4 in)17 September 1903
Oct47.0 mm (1.9 in)23 October 1938
Nov50.8 mm (2.0 in)27 November 1903
Dec75.2 mm (3.0 in)16 December 1992

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Woomera (Oakden Hills)
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
15 July 2025Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain16.2 mm (0.6 in)4.2 mm (0.17 in)12 years20 of 100 (Routine)
11 December 2023Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain41.5 mm (1.6 in)7.5 mm (0.30 in)135 years48 of 100 (Notable)
10 December 2023Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain41.5 mm (1.6 in)37.9 mm (1.5 in)130 years80 of 100 (Exceptional)
15 April 2023Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain30.2 mm (1.2 in)22.8 mm (0.9 in)38 years51 of 100 (Notable)
28 January 2023Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain25.0 mm (1.0 in)13.8 mm (0.5 in)132 years53 of 100 (Notable)
7 October 2020Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain24.4 mm (1.0 in)8.4 mm (0.33 in)45 years20 of 100 (Routine)
12 August 2020Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain4.6 mm (0.18 in)0.5 mm (0.02 in)88 years20 of 100 (Routine)
7 August 2020Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain14.5 mm (0.6 in)8.7 mm (0.34 in)130 years20 of 100 (Routine)
6 January 2020Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain22.0 mm (0.9 in)13.6 mm (0.5 in)38 years20 of 100 (Routine)
20 July 2018Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain6.0 mm (0.24 in)2.2 mm (0.09 in)113 years20 of 100 (Routine)
15 July 2012Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain12.0 mm (0.5 in)2.3 mm (0.09 in)56 years20 of 100 (Routine)
29 January 2012Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain24.0 mm (0.9 in)3.4 mm (0.13 in)37 years20 of 100 (Routine)
7 December 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain21.5 mm (0.8 in)6.7 mm (0.26 in)13 years20 of 100 (Routine)
29 October 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain9.6 mm (0.38 in)1.0 mm (0.04 in)119 years20 of 100 (Routine)
14 October 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain10.0 mm (0.4 in)3.6 mm (0.14 in)88 years20 of 100 (Routine)
9 August 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain26.0 mm (1.0 in)22.7 mm (0.9 in)71 years68 of 100 (Major)
25 June 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain6.0 mm (0.24 in)2.2 mm (0.09 in)64 years20 of 100 (Routine)
9 April 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain16.2 mm (0.6 in)7.8 mm (0.31 in)65 years20 of 100 (Routine)
21 February 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain17.0 mm (0.7 in)10.6 mm (0.4 in)31 years20 of 100 (Routine)
11 February 2010Woomera (Oakden Hills), AUdaily rain8.5 mm (0.33 in)2.7 mm (0.11 in)80 years20 of 100 (Routine)

Extremes by Year

1879 to 2025
Yearly extremes at Woomera (Oakden Hills): the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Wettest day (Rx1day)118.4 mm (4.7 in)198925.3 mm (1.0 in)139
Wettest five days (Rx5day)181.1 mm (7.1 in)194635.1 mm (1.4 in)139
Longest dry spell (CDD)134 days197262 days139

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year The wettest day of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 118.4 mm (4.7 in) in 1989, marked on the chart; the median year is 25.3 mm (1.0 in). 05010015018801900192019401960198020002020Record: 118.4 mm (4.7 in) in 1989
The wettest day of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 118.4 mm (4.7 in) in 1989, marked on the chart; the median year is 25.3 mm (1.0 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
18790.0 mm (0.00 in)
18800.0 mm (0.00 in)
18810.0 mm (0.00 in)
18820.0 mm (0.00 in)
18830.0 mm (0.00 in)
188416.3 mm (0.6 in)
188515.0 mm (0.6 in)
188671.1 mm (2.8 in)
188738.1 mm (1.5 in)
188825.7 mm (1.0 in)
188963.5 mm (2.5 in)
189023.4 mm (0.9 in)
189133.3 mm (1.3 in)
189236.6 mm (1.4 in)
189342.9 mm (1.7 in)
189425.1 mm (1.0 in)
189546.5 mm (1.8 in)
189613.0 mm (0.5 in)
189712.7 mm (0.5 in)
189822.9 mm (0.9 in)
189926.2 mm (1.0 in)
190019.8 mm (0.8 in)
190126.7 mm (1.1 in)
190214.0 mm (0.6 in)
190360.5 mm (2.4 in)
190433.8 mm (1.3 in)
190544.7 mm (1.8 in)
190621.1 mm (0.8 in)
190724.4 mm (1.0 in)
190830.0 mm (1.2 in)
190948.3 mm (1.9 in)
191033.0 mm (1.3 in)
191122.1 mm (0.9 in)
191214.0 mm (0.6 in)
191326.7 mm (1.1 in)
191411.4 mm (0.4 in)
191548.3 mm (1.9 in)
191619.8 mm (0.8 in)
191727.9 mm (1.1 in)
191827.7 mm (1.1 in)
191929.2 mm (1.1 in)
192044.5 mm (1.8 in)
192145.7 mm (1.8 in)
192220.6 mm (0.8 in)
192313.7 mm (0.5 in)
192411.4 mm (0.4 in)
19254.8 mm (0.19 in)
192620.8 mm (0.8 in)
192723.6 mm (0.9 in)
192810.4 mm (0.4 in)
192923.1 mm (0.9 in)
193025.4 mm (1.0 in)
193184.3 mm (3.3 in)
193231.0 mm (1.2 in)
193324.6 mm (1.0 in)
193418.3 mm (0.7 in)
193511.4 mm (0.4 in)
193612.7 mm (0.5 in)
193720.3 mm (0.8 in)
193894.0 mm (3.7 in)
193926.2 mm (1.0 in)
194012.7 mm (0.5 in)
194141.9 mm (1.6 in)
194218.5 mm (0.7 in)
194325.1 mm (1.0 in)
194424.9 mm (1.0 in)
194523.1 mm (0.9 in)
194693.0 mm (3.7 in)
194725.4 mm (1.0 in)
194823.6 mm (0.9 in)
194942.2 mm (1.7 in)
195024.9 mm (1.0 in)
19514.6 mm (0.18 in)
195217.3 mm (0.7 in)
195325.4 mm (1.0 in)
195422.1 mm (0.9 in)
195530.7 mm (1.2 in)
195631.8 mm (1.3 in)
195716.0 mm (0.6 in)
195878.0 mm (3.1 in)
195911.4 mm (0.4 in)
196026.4 mm (1.0 in)
196126.7 mm (1.1 in)
196283.1 mm (3.3 in)
196320.6 mm (0.8 in)
196421.6 mm (0.9 in)
196521.6 mm (0.9 in)
196637.6 mm (1.5 in)
196743.2 mm (1.7 in)
196844.5 mm (1.8 in)
196924.4 mm (1.0 in)
197017.3 mm (0.7 in)
197133.3 mm (1.3 in)
197231.8 mm (1.3 in)
197349.5 mm (1.9 in)
197469.2 mm (2.7 in)
197521.2 mm (0.8 in)
197638.8 mm (1.5 in)
197720.2 mm (0.8 in)
197814.8 mm (0.6 in)
197946.6 mm (1.8 in)
198052.0 mm (2.0 in)
198116.6 mm (0.7 in)
198211.0 mm (0.4 in)
198321.2 mm (0.8 in)
198421.6 mm (0.9 in)
198517.0 mm (0.7 in)
198639.6 mm (1.6 in)
198748.0 mm (1.9 in)
198833.2 mm (1.3 in)
1989118.4 mm (4.7 in)
199019.0 mm (0.7 in)
199115.4 mm (0.6 in)
199275.2 mm (3.0 in)
199330.8 mm (1.2 in)
199446.4 mm (1.8 in)
199518.0 mm (0.7 in)
199629.8 mm (1.2 in)
199746.6 mm (1.8 in)
199839.8 mm (1.6 in)
199913.4 mm (0.5 in)
200042.8 mm (1.7 in)
200133.4 mm (1.3 in)
200211.8 mm (0.5 in)
200312.6 mm (0.5 in)
200425.8 mm (1.0 in)
200535.4 mm (1.4 in)
200627.0 mm (1.1 in)
200724.5 mm (1.0 in)
200825.3 mm (1.0 in)
200946.5 mm (1.8 in)
201026.0 mm (1.0 in)
201115.0 mm (0.6 in)
201225.5 mm (1.0 in)
201813.2 mm (0.5 in)
201919.8 mm (0.8 in)
202065.0 mm (2.6 in)
202341.5 mm (1.6 in)
202516.2 mm (0.6 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year The wettest five days of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 181.1 mm (7.1 in) in 1946, marked on the chart; the median year is 35.1 mm (1.4 in). 05010015020018801900192019401960198020002020Record: 181.1 mm (7.1 in) in 1946
The wettest five days of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 181.1 mm (7.1 in) in 1946, marked on the chart; the median year is 35.1 mm (1.4 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
18790.0 mm (0.00 in)
18800.0 mm (0.00 in)
18810.0 mm (0.00 in)
18820.0 mm (0.00 in)
18830.0 mm (0.00 in)
188416.3 mm (0.6 in)
188515.0 mm (0.6 in)
188671.1 mm (2.8 in)
188742.9 mm (1.7 in)
188825.7 mm (1.0 in)
188970.9 mm (2.8 in)
189036.9 mm (1.5 in)
189147.8 mm (1.9 in)
189243.5 mm (1.7 in)
189349.3 mm (1.9 in)
189425.1 mm (1.0 in)
189552.1 mm (2.1 in)
189617.8 mm (0.7 in)
189717.8 mm (0.7 in)
189837.7 mm (1.5 in)
189932.0 mm (1.3 in)
190038.1 mm (1.5 in)
190186.6 mm (3.4 in)
190215.8 mm (0.6 in)
1903103.4 mm (4.1 in)
190448.0 mm (1.9 in)
190547.3 mm (1.9 in)
190631.5 mm (1.2 in)
190740.1 mm (1.6 in)
190836.4 mm (1.4 in)
190952.1 mm (2.1 in)
191057.9 mm (2.3 in)
191126.9 mm (1.1 in)
191222.3 mm (0.9 in)
191328.5 mm (1.1 in)
191418.7 mm (0.7 in)
191550.3 mm (2.0 in)
191629.8 mm (1.2 in)
191749.7 mm (2.0 in)
191827.7 mm (1.1 in)
191970.6 mm (2.8 in)
192065.6 mm (2.6 in)
192145.7 mm (1.8 in)
192271.9 mm (2.8 in)
192316.7 mm (0.7 in)
192414.5 mm (0.6 in)
19256.1 mm (0.24 in)
192630.2 mm (1.2 in)
192736.5 mm (1.4 in)
192811.9 mm (0.5 in)
192925.4 mm (1.0 in)
193025.4 mm (1.0 in)
193185.3 mm (3.4 in)
193237.6 mm (1.5 in)
193325.9 mm (1.0 in)
193418.3 mm (0.7 in)
193518.8 mm (0.7 in)
193623.6 mm (0.9 in)
193723.6 mm (0.9 in)
193894.0 mm (3.7 in)
193930.9 mm (1.2 in)
194018.5 mm (0.7 in)
194157.1 mm (2.2 in)
194221.3 mm (0.8 in)
194334.8 mm (1.4 in)
194435.1 mm (1.4 in)
194538.3 mm (1.5 in)
1946181.1 mm (7.1 in)
194735.8 mm (1.4 in)
194826.9 mm (1.1 in)
194942.2 mm (1.7 in)
195030.7 mm (1.2 in)
19517.4 mm (0.29 in)
195221.9 mm (0.9 in)
195325.4 mm (1.0 in)
195439.4 mm (1.6 in)
195530.7 mm (1.2 in)
195632.8 mm (1.3 in)
195721.1 mm (0.8 in)
195882.3 mm (3.2 in)
195912.9 mm (0.5 in)
196027.9 mm (1.1 in)
196147.8 mm (1.9 in)
196284.9 mm (3.3 in)
196340.9 mm (1.6 in)
196428.2 mm (1.1 in)
196521.6 mm (0.9 in)
196656.1 mm (2.2 in)
196755.9 mm (2.2 in)
196861.3 mm (2.4 in)
196928.7 mm (1.1 in)
197023.4 mm (0.9 in)
197143.5 mm (1.7 in)
197244.3 mm (1.7 in)
1973115.1 mm (4.5 in)
197497.2 mm (3.8 in)
197531.0 mm (1.2 in)
197660.8 mm (2.4 in)
197740.8 mm (1.6 in)
197822.2 mm (0.9 in)
197968.0 mm (2.7 in)
198068.3 mm (2.7 in)
198123.4 mm (0.9 in)
198211.0 mm (0.4 in)
198329.0 mm (1.1 in)
198425.4 mm (1.0 in)
198522.4 mm (0.9 in)
198646.8 mm (1.8 in)
198748.0 mm (1.9 in)
198840.2 mm (1.6 in)
1989179.4 mm (7.1 in)
199028.8 mm (1.1 in)
199123.6 mm (0.9 in)
199294.0 mm (3.7 in)
199339.6 mm (1.6 in)
199479.0 mm (3.1 in)
199528.4 mm (1.1 in)
199644.6 mm (1.8 in)
199781.8 mm (3.2 in)
199846.4 mm (1.8 in)
199913.4 mm (0.5 in)
200042.8 mm (1.7 in)
200134.0 mm (1.3 in)
200218.9 mm (0.7 in)
200337.4 mm (1.5 in)
200437.2 mm (1.5 in)
200535.8 mm (1.4 in)
200658.0 mm (2.3 in)
200749.5 mm (1.9 in)
200834.3 mm (1.4 in)
200963.1 mm (2.5 in)
201029.5 mm (1.2 in)
201118.0 mm (0.7 in)
201241.7 mm (1.6 in)
201817.6 mm (0.7 in)
201921.8 mm (0.9 in)
202068.5 mm (2.7 in)
202383.0 mm (3.3 in)
202523.2 mm (0.9 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year The longest dry spell of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 134 days in 1972, marked on the chart; the median year is 62 days. 05010015018801900192019401960198020002020Record: 134 days in 1972
The longest dry spell of the year at Woomera (Oakden Hills), 1879 to 2025. The record is 134 days in 1972, marked on the chart; the median year is 62 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Woomera (Oakden Hills) by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
187931 days
188030 days
188131 days
188230 days
188359 days
188499 days
188530 days
188673 days
188737 days
188884 days
188943 days
189048 days
189187 days
189276 days
189390 days
189439 days
189537 days
189663 days
189797 days
189857 days
189951 days
190041 days
190153 days
190279 days
190342 days
190453 days
190571 days
190645 days
190763 days
190839 days
190948 days
191055 days
191148 days
191280 days
191362 days
191470 days
191542 days
191668 days
191737 days
191867 days
191948 days
192050 days
192165 days
1922115 days
1923107 days
192461 days
192552 days
192643 days
192755 days
192882 days
1929124 days
193067 days
193145 days
193241 days
193362 days
193471 days
193568 days
1936101 days
193775 days
1938112 days
193983 days
194090 days
194150 days
194290 days
194359 days
194460 days
194555 days
194661 days
194776 days
1948105 days
194955 days
1950106 days
195121 days
195259 days
1953122 days
195466 days
195556 days
195696 days
195784 days
195849 days
195952 days
196069 days
196155 days
196254 days
1963128 days
196479 days
1965127 days
196649 days
196782 days
196842 days
196957 days
1970132 days
197151 days
1972134 days
197350 days
197449 days
197565 days
197660 days
197790 days
197875 days
197945 days
1980108 days
198145 days
198299 days
198365 days
198471 days
198573 days
198675 days
198757 days
198851 days
198967 days
199043 days
199166 days
199237 days
1993116 days
199469 days
199555 days
199664 days
199783 days
199849 days
199946 days
200057 days
200149 days
2002132 days
200374 days
200481 days
200545 days
2006101 days
200756 days
200883 days
200961 days
201028 days
201126 days
201228 days
2018134 days
2019109 days
202074 days
202387 days
202587 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Rainfall Return Levels

125 years, 1884 to 2025

A day with at least 26.8 mm (1.1 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 108.1 mm (4.3 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Woomera (Oakden Hills): the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years26.8 mm (1.1 in)
5 years41.8 mm (1.6 in)
10 years54.0 mm (2.1 in)
25 years72.5 mm (2.9 in)
50 years89.0 mm (3.5 in)
100 years108.1 mm (4.3 in)

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 125 years of values from 1884 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 118.4 mm (4.7 in) in 1989; 94.0 mm (3.7 in) in 1938; 93.0 mm (3.7 in) in 1946.

Download the Data

  • Data for Woomera (Oakden Hills) standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Woomera (Oakden Hills) threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-13 (13 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).