Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Broken Hill (Langawirra) Weather Records (ASN00046015)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Broken Hill (Langawirra) (ASN00046015), Australia, with 140 years of record.

Key Facts for Broken Hill (Langawirra)

  • Broken Hill (Langawirra) (ASN00046015) is a weather station in Australia at -31.45 latitude and 142.14 longitude, 135 m (443 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1887 to 2026, 140 years of record.
  • 0 records set at Broken Hill (Langawirra) still stand.
  • Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Broken Hill (Langawirra) set a daily record precipitation of 12.6 mm (0.5 in) on 10 August 2026.

About the Station

  • Location: Australia, -31.45 latitude, 142.14 longitude.
  • Elevation: 135 m (443 ft).
  • Period of record: 1887 to 2026, 140 years.
  • Eligible elements: prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Broken Hill (Langawirra), with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Broken Hill (Langawirra). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. 000111 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Broken Hill (Langawirra). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Broken Hill (Langawirra), with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jann/an/an/an/a
Febn/an/an/an/a
Marn/an/an/an/a
Aprn/an/an/an/a
Mayn/an/an/an/a
Junn/an/an/an/a
Juln/an/an/an/a
Augn/an/an/an/a
Sepn/an/an/an/a
Octn/an/an/an/a
Novn/an/an/an/a
Decn/an/an/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

0 standing records
Standing records at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by the year they were set 0 records at Broken Hill (Langawirra) still stand. 00000000000
0 records at Broken Hill (Langawirra) still stand.
Standing records at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by the year they were set
Year setStanding records

All-Time Record Progression

4 new records
When Broken Hill (Langawirra) set new all-time records 4 all-time records were set at Broken Hill (Langawirra) between 28 December 1929 and 21 February 2000. Each dot is a new record. Record daily precipitation28 December 1929: Record daily precipitation 103.1 mm (4.1 in)30 December 1973: Record daily precipitation 112.3 mm (4.4 in)12 January 1976: Record daily precipitation 114.0 mm (4.5 in)21 February 2000: Record daily precipitation 195.0 mm (7.7 in)19301940195019601970198019902000
4 all-time records were set at Broken Hill (Langawirra) between 28 December 1929 and 21 February 2000. Each dot is a new record.
When Broken Hill (Langawirra) set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1929-12-28Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 103.1 mm (4.1 in)
1973-12-30Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 112.3 mm (4.4 in)
1976-01-12Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 114.0 mm (4.5 in)
2000-02-21Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 195.0 mm (7.7 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Feb: 195.0 mm (7.7 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Broken Hill (Langawirra) The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Broken Hill (Langawirra). The most was 195.0 mm (7.7 in) on 21 February 2000. 050100150200 Jan: 126.0 mm (5.0 in), 14 January 2011 Jan Feb: 195.0 mm (7.7 in), 21 February 2000 Feb Mar: 79.0 mm (3.1 in), 12 March 1956 Mar Apr: 82.0 mm (3.2 in), 9 April 1974 Apr May: 43.0 mm (1.7 in), 9 May 1989 May Jun: 63.5 mm (2.5 in), 4 June 1923 Jun Jul: 52.8 mm (2.1 in), 10 July 2012 Jul Aug: 46.5 mm (1.8 in), 24 August 1901 Aug Sep: 68.8 mm (2.7 in), 17 September 1903 Sep Oct: 54.6 mm (2.1 in), 24 October 1975 Oct Nov: 77.2 mm (3.0 in), 30 November 1933 Nov Dec: 112.3 mm (4.4 in), 30 December 1973 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Broken Hill (Langawirra). The most was 195.0 mm (7.7 in) on 21 February 2000.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Broken Hill (Langawirra)
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan126.0 mm (5.0 in)14 January 2011
Feb195.0 mm (7.7 in)21 February 2000
Mar79.0 mm (3.1 in)12 March 1956
Apr82.0 mm (3.2 in)9 April 1974
May43.0 mm (1.7 in)9 May 1989
Jun63.5 mm (2.5 in)4 June 1923
Jul52.8 mm (2.1 in)10 July 2012
Aug46.5 mm (1.8 in)24 August 1901
Sep68.8 mm (2.7 in)17 September 1903
Oct54.6 mm (2.1 in)24 October 1975
Nov77.2 mm (3.0 in)30 November 1933
Dec112.3 mm (4.4 in)30 December 1973

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Broken Hill (Langawirra)
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
10 August 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain12.6 mm (0.5 in)2.4 mm (0.09 in)60 years20 of 100 (Routine)
9 August 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain6.2 mm (0.24 in)1.4 mm (0.06 in)44 years20 of 100 (Routine)
30 June 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain17.6 mm (0.7 in)2.0 mm (0.08 in)20 years18 of 100 (Routine)
19 March 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain59.2 mm (2.3 in)20.2 mm (0.8 in)15 years29 of 100 (Routine)
3 March 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain35.4 mm (1.4 in)24.0 mm (0.9 in)13 years32 of 100 (Routine)
2 March 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain40.0 mm (1.6 in)16.1 mm (0.6 in)59 years39 of 100 (Notable)
25 February 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain29.0 mm (1.1 in)11.0 mm (0.4 in)59 years33 of 100 (Routine)
8 February 2026Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain72.0 mm (2.8 in)45.6 mm (1.8 in)94 years65 of 100 (Major)
10 September 2025Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain20.4 mm (0.8 in)0.6 mm (0.02 in)60 years20 of 100 (Routine)
18 October 2024Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain16.0 mm (0.6 in)3.3 mm (0.13 in)70 years20 of 100 (Routine)
8 July 2024Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain38.4 mm (1.5 in)13.2 mm (0.5 in)19 years35 of 100 (Notable)
31 May 2024Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain17.8 mm (0.7 in)0.8 mm (0.03 in)85 years20 of 100 (Routine)
7 January 2024Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain20.8 mm (0.8 in)6.8 mm (0.27 in)52 years20 of 100 (Routine)
29 July 2023Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain10.8 mm (0.4 in)0.6 mm (0.02 in)132 years20 of 100 (Routine)
4 July 2023Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain10.6 mm (0.4 in)0.4 mm (0.02 in)135 years20 of 100 (Routine)
28 June 2023Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain10.0 mm (0.4 in)5.9 mm (0.23 in)112 years20 of 100 (Routine)
5 October 2022Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain39.2 mm (1.5 in)18.1 mm (0.7 in)101 years63 of 100 (Major)
8 September 2022Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain23.2 mm (0.9 in)4.1 mm (0.16 in)124 years20 of 100 (Routine)
27 April 2022Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain60.4 mm (2.4 in)37.0 mm (1.5 in)48 years62 of 100 (Major)
16 March 2022Broken Hill (Langawirra), AUdaily rain15.6 mm (0.6 in)3.6 mm (0.14 in)25 years19 of 100 (Routine)

Extremes by Year

1887 to 2026
Yearly extremes at Broken Hill (Langawirra): the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Wettest day (Rx1day)195.0 mm (7.7 in)200037.1 mm (1.5 in)137
Wettest five days (Rx5day)225.0 mm (8.9 in)201148.5 mm (1.9 in)137
Longest dry spell (CDD)138 days192965 days137

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year The wettest day of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 195.0 mm (7.7 in) in 2000, marked on the chart; the median year is 37.1 mm (1.5 in). 0501001502001900192019401960198020002020Record: 195.0 mm (7.7 in) in 2000
The wettest day of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 195.0 mm (7.7 in) in 2000, marked on the chart; the median year is 37.1 mm (1.5 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
188763.5 mm (2.5 in)
188821.6 mm (0.9 in)
188955.9 mm (2.2 in)
189049.0 mm (1.9 in)
189145.0 mm (1.8 in)
189237.6 mm (1.5 in)
189329.5 mm (1.2 in)
189437.1 mm (1.5 in)
189525.9 mm (1.0 in)
189619.8 mm (0.8 in)
189731.8 mm (1.3 in)
189821.6 mm (0.9 in)
189911.7 mm (0.5 in)
190040.6 mm (1.6 in)
190146.5 mm (1.8 in)
19029.1 mm (0.36 in)
190368.8 mm (2.7 in)
190426.7 mm (1.1 in)
19050.0 mm (0.00 in)
19060.0 mm (0.00 in)
19090.0 mm (0.00 in)
191022.1 mm (0.9 in)
191157.9 mm (2.3 in)
191244.7 mm (1.8 in)
191311.4 mm (0.4 in)
191422.4 mm (0.9 in)
191538.1 mm (1.5 in)
191642.2 mm (1.7 in)
191747.5 mm (1.9 in)
191835.1 mm (1.4 in)
191923.4 mm (0.9 in)
192033.0 mm (1.3 in)
192136.8 mm (1.4 in)
192212.7 mm (0.5 in)
192363.5 mm (2.5 in)
192420.1 mm (0.8 in)
192547.5 mm (1.9 in)
192627.7 mm (1.1 in)
192838.1 mm (1.5 in)
1929103.1 mm (4.1 in)
193053.3 mm (2.1 in)
193152.3 mm (2.1 in)
193247.5 mm (1.9 in)
193377.2 mm (3.0 in)
193425.9 mm (1.0 in)
193517.8 mm (0.7 in)
193638.6 mm (1.5 in)
193740.6 mm (1.6 in)
193826.2 mm (1.0 in)
193950.8 mm (2.0 in)
194033.0 mm (1.3 in)
194127.7 mm (1.1 in)
194211.7 mm (0.5 in)
194321.1 mm (0.8 in)
194463.5 mm (2.5 in)
194541.1 mm (1.6 in)
194638.1 mm (1.5 in)
194735.6 mm (1.4 in)
194828.4 mm (1.1 in)
194978.2 mm (3.1 in)
195055.9 mm (2.2 in)
195151.8 mm (2.0 in)
195228.2 mm (1.1 in)
195335.1 mm (1.4 in)
195484.3 mm (3.3 in)
195582.6 mm (3.3 in)
195679.0 mm (3.1 in)
195738.9 mm (1.5 in)
195832.5 mm (1.3 in)
195931.0 mm (1.2 in)
196049.5 mm (1.9 in)
196152.6 mm (2.1 in)
196242.2 mm (1.7 in)
196332.3 mm (1.3 in)
196441.9 mm (1.6 in)
196527.2 mm (1.1 in)
196648.0 mm (1.9 in)
196723.9 mm (0.9 in)
196844.7 mm (1.8 in)
196920.6 mm (0.8 in)
197028.4 mm (1.1 in)
197151.1 mm (2.0 in)
197225.1 mm (1.0 in)
1973112.3 mm (4.4 in)
197482.0 mm (3.2 in)
197554.6 mm (2.1 in)
1976114.0 mm (4.5 in)
197712.2 mm (0.5 in)
197841.8 mm (1.6 in)
197996.8 mm (3.8 in)
198024.2 mm (1.0 in)
198131.4 mm (1.2 in)
198225.2 mm (1.0 in)
198332.8 mm (1.3 in)
198469.2 mm (2.7 in)
198522.0 mm (0.9 in)
198618.4 mm (0.7 in)
198756.4 mm (2.2 in)
198832.6 mm (1.3 in)
198943.0 mm (1.7 in)
199036.6 mm (1.4 in)
199143.4 mm (1.7 in)
199281.6 mm (3.2 in)
199352.2 mm (2.1 in)
199426.0 mm (1.0 in)
199528.0 mm (1.1 in)
199640.8 mm (1.6 in)
199738.0 mm (1.5 in)
199823.2 mm (0.9 in)
199931.2 mm (1.2 in)
2000195.0 mm (7.7 in)
200118.4 mm (0.7 in)
200227.6 mm (1.1 in)
200333.6 mm (1.3 in)
200419.4 mm (0.8 in)
200525.2 mm (1.0 in)
200623.2 mm (0.9 in)
200719.6 mm (0.8 in)
200841.6 mm (1.6 in)
200932.8 mm (1.3 in)
201052.6 mm (2.1 in)
2011126.0 mm (5.0 in)
201252.8 mm (2.1 in)
201320.8 mm (0.8 in)
201440.4 mm (1.6 in)
201574.2 mm (2.9 in)
201638.4 mm (1.5 in)
201718.0 mm (0.7 in)
201814.2 mm (0.6 in)
201913.8 mm (0.5 in)
202043.4 mm (1.7 in)
202149.8 mm (2.0 in)
202261.0 mm (2.4 in)
202316.8 mm (0.7 in)
202438.4 mm (1.5 in)
202527.0 mm (1.1 in)
202672.0 mm (2.8 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year The wettest five days of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 225.0 mm (8.9 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 48.5 mm (1.9 in). 01002003001900192019401960198020002020Record: 225.0 mm (8.9 in) in 2011
The wettest five days of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 225.0 mm (8.9 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 48.5 mm (1.9 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
188794.0 mm (3.7 in)
188821.6 mm (0.9 in)
188955.9 mm (2.2 in)
189049.0 mm (1.9 in)
189145.0 mm (1.8 in)
189254.6 mm (2.1 in)
189337.1 mm (1.5 in)
189476.2 mm (3.0 in)
189550.8 mm (2.0 in)
189619.8 mm (0.8 in)
189763.3 mm (2.5 in)
189837.8 mm (1.5 in)
189914.5 mm (0.6 in)
190070.3 mm (2.8 in)
190175.2 mm (3.0 in)
19029.1 mm (0.36 in)
190388.6 mm (3.5 in)
190446.5 mm (1.8 in)
19050.0 mm (0.00 in)
19060.0 mm (0.00 in)
19090.0 mm (0.00 in)
191026.9 mm (1.1 in)
191177.7 mm (3.1 in)
191279.0 mm (3.1 in)
191319.8 mm (0.8 in)
191433.8 mm (1.3 in)
191554.6 mm (2.1 in)
191642.2 mm (1.7 in)
191771.1 mm (2.8 in)
191877.4 mm (3.0 in)
191923.4 mm (0.9 in)
192040.6 mm (1.6 in)
192152.3 mm (2.1 in)
192212.7 mm (0.5 in)
1923129.5 mm (5.1 in)
192422.1 mm (0.9 in)
192548.0 mm (1.9 in)
192634.1 mm (1.3 in)
192870.8 mm (2.8 in)
1929110.2 mm (4.3 in)
1930110.2 mm (4.3 in)
193152.3 mm (2.1 in)
193247.5 mm (1.9 in)
1933100.1 mm (3.9 in)
193430.2 mm (1.2 in)
193531.0 mm (1.2 in)
193645.7 mm (1.8 in)
193741.1 mm (1.6 in)
193848.5 mm (1.9 in)
193950.8 mm (2.0 in)
194033.0 mm (1.3 in)
194141.1 mm (1.6 in)
194230.8 mm (1.2 in)
194326.7 mm (1.1 in)
194463.5 mm (2.5 in)
194542.6 mm (1.7 in)
194641.7 mm (1.6 in)
194743.9 mm (1.7 in)
194829.4 mm (1.2 in)
1949129.3 mm (5.1 in)
1950125.0 mm (4.9 in)
195160.4 mm (2.4 in)
195230.5 mm (1.2 in)
195335.1 mm (1.4 in)
1954117.6 mm (4.6 in)
195585.6 mm (3.4 in)
195688.1 mm (3.5 in)
195755.4 mm (2.2 in)
195845.3 mm (1.8 in)
195931.0 mm (1.2 in)
196065.3 mm (2.6 in)
196165.1 mm (2.6 in)
196284.4 mm (3.3 in)
196350.3 mm (2.0 in)
196467.8 mm (2.7 in)
196536.6 mm (1.4 in)
196650.0 mm (2.0 in)
196725.9 mm (1.0 in)
196852.3 mm (2.1 in)
196924.9 mm (1.0 in)
197035.0 mm (1.4 in)
197177.0 mm (3.0 in)
197248.2 mm (1.9 in)
1973112.3 mm (4.4 in)
1974140.0 mm (5.5 in)
197570.6 mm (2.8 in)
1976116.2 mm (4.6 in)
197715.6 mm (0.6 in)
197850.0 mm (2.0 in)
1979155.4 mm (6.1 in)
198046.6 mm (1.8 in)
198143.4 mm (1.7 in)
198225.2 mm (1.0 in)
198336.4 mm (1.4 in)
198472.6 mm (2.9 in)
198544.2 mm (1.7 in)
198632.2 mm (1.3 in)
198764.2 mm (2.5 in)
198857.0 mm (2.2 in)
198983.2 mm (3.3 in)
199043.6 mm (1.7 in)
199168.6 mm (2.7 in)
1992164.4 mm (6.5 in)
199363.8 mm (2.5 in)
199431.2 mm (1.2 in)
199534.0 mm (1.3 in)
199660.2 mm (2.4 in)
199749.0 mm (1.9 in)
199844.8 mm (1.8 in)
199933.8 mm (1.3 in)
2000195.2 mm (7.7 in)
200128.8 mm (1.1 in)
200227.6 mm (1.1 in)
200357.0 mm (2.2 in)
200444.0 mm (1.7 in)
200540.8 mm (1.6 in)
200628.8 mm (1.1 in)
200765.0 mm (2.6 in)
200861.4 mm (2.4 in)
200941.4 mm (1.6 in)
201080.6 mm (3.2 in)
2011225.0 mm (8.9 in)
2012131.0 mm (5.2 in)
201336.6 mm (1.4 in)
201441.0 mm (1.6 in)
2015186.4 mm (7.3 in)
201654.2 mm (2.1 in)
201737.8 mm (1.5 in)
201826.6 mm (1.0 in)
201919.6 mm (0.8 in)
202073.4 mm (2.9 in)
202149.8 mm (2.0 in)
202281.0 mm (3.2 in)
202316.8 mm (0.7 in)
202444.4 mm (1.7 in)
202560.0 mm (2.4 in)
202690.0 mm (3.5 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year The longest dry spell of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 138 days in 1929, marked on the chart; the median year is 65 days. 0501001501900192019401960198020002020Record: 138 days in 1929
The longest dry spell of the year at Broken Hill (Langawirra), 1887 to 2026. The record is 138 days in 1929, marked on the chart; the median year is 65 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Broken Hill (Langawirra) by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
188752 days
188887 days
188990 days
189045 days
189152 days
189258 days
189389 days
189462 days
189566 days
189646 days
189782 days
189876 days
189957 days
190018 days
190180 days
1902120 days
190374 days
190464 days
190531 days
190631 days
190931 days
191065 days
191186 days
191290 days
191337 days
191493 days
191570 days
191686 days
191791 days
191885 days
191995 days
1920113 days
192150 days
192278 days
1923113 days
192488 days
192564 days
192669 days
192878 days
1929138 days
193074 days
193187 days
193268 days
193354 days
193493 days
193564 days
193689 days
193773 days
1938128 days
193965 days
1940114 days
194188 days
194273 days
1943117 days
1944107 days
194575 days
1946117 days
194763 days
194855 days
194949 days
195053 days
195157 days
195254 days
195374 days
195458 days
195536 days
195661 days
1957124 days
195833 days
195941 days
196039 days
196160 days
196261 days
196366 days
196483 days
1965128 days
196650 days
196771 days
196846 days
196940 days
1970123 days
197151 days
197278 days
197335 days
197431 days
1975101 days
197667 days
197794 days
197848 days
197938 days
198073 days
198151 days
198293 days
198342 days
198457 days
198556 days
198635 days
198756 days
198840 days
198969 days
199070 days
199164 days
199253 days
199342 days
199469 days
199558 days
199648 days
199783 days
199861 days
199944 days
200041 days
200161 days
200279 days
200350 days
200490 days
2005127 days
200688 days
200768 days
200859 days
200984 days
201029 days
201142 days
201276 days
201391 days
201451 days
201547 days
201638 days
201766 days
201891 days
2019117 days
202047 days
202141 days
202261 days
202371 days
202450 days
202546 days
202638 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Rainfall Return Levels

124 years, 1887 to 2025

A day with at least 36.2 mm (1.4 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 141.6 mm (5.6 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Broken Hill (Langawirra): the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years36.2 mm (1.4 in)
5 years56.1 mm (2.2 in)
10 years72.1 mm (2.8 in)
25 years96.1 mm (3.8 in)
50 years117.3 mm (4.6 in)
100 years141.6 mm (5.6 in)

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 124 years of values from 1887 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 195.0 mm (7.7 in) in 2000; 126.0 mm (5.0 in) in 2011; 114.0 mm (4.5 in) in 1976.

Download the Data

  • Data for Broken Hill (Langawirra) standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Broken Hill (Langawirra) threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-13 (13 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-12).