White Cliffs (Tongo) Weather Records (ASN00046038)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for White Cliffs (Tongo) (ASN00046038), Australia, with 127 years of record.
Key Facts for White Cliffs (Tongo)
- White Cliffs (Tongo) (ASN00046038) is a weather station in Australia at -30.49 latitude and 143.75 longitude, 90 m (295 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1878 to 2004, 127 years of record.
- 0 records set at White Cliffs (Tongo) still stand.
- Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- White Cliffs (Tongo) set a daily record precipitation of 15.0 mm (0.6 in) on 3 June 2004.
About the Station
- Location: Australia, -30.49 latitude, 143.75 longitude.
- Elevation: 90 m (295 ft).
- Period of record: 1878 to 2004, 127 years.
- Eligible elements: prcp.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| May | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
0 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|
Wettest Day of Each Month
Jan: 129.0 mm (5.1 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 129.0 mm (5.1 in) | 24 January 1887 |
| Feb | 80.0 mm (3.1 in) | 19 February 1949 |
| Mar | 79.8 mm (3.1 in) | 9 March 1971 |
| Apr | 52.1 mm (2.1 in) | 26 April 1890 |
| May | 76.2 mm (3.0 in) | 23 May 1906 |
| Jun | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) | 4 June 1923 |
| Jul | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) | 20 July 1981 |
| Aug | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) | 30 August 1889 |
| Sep | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) | 11 September 1881 |
| Oct | 71.1 mm (2.8 in) | 31 October 1878 |
| Nov | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) | 30 November 1902 |
| Dec | 80.4 mm (3.2 in) | 17 December 1992 |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 June 2004 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 15.0 mm (0.6 in) | 4.3 mm (0.17 in) | 72 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 14 April 2003 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 26.0 mm (1.0 in) | 13.3 mm (0.5 in) | 64 years | 42 of 100 (Notable) |
| 24 October 2000 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 40.0 mm (1.6 in) | 23.2 mm (0.9 in) | 120 years | 65 of 100 (Major) |
| 23 October 2000 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 50.0 mm (2.0 in) | 9.4 mm (0.37 in) | 25 years | 27 of 100 (Routine) |
| 15 April 2000 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 35.0 mm (1.4 in) | 9.6 mm (0.38 in) | 92 years | 46 of 100 (Notable) |
| 20 January 1995 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 83.0 mm (3.3 in) | 59.9 mm (2.4 in) | 94 years | 75 of 100 (Major) |
| 19 January 1995 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 19.0 mm (0.7 in) | 0.5 mm (0.02 in) | 94 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 24 December 1994 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 18.0 mm (0.7 in) | 0.2 mm (0.01 in) | 80 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 3 October 1993 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 35.0 mm (1.4 in) | 25.3 mm (1.0 in) | 91 years | 65 of 100 (Major) |
| 6 September 1993 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 25.0 mm (1.0 in) | 2.1 mm (0.08 in) | 50 years | 27 of 100 (Routine) |
| 25 July 1993 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) | 5.1 mm (0.20 in) | 43 years | 29 of 100 (Routine) |
| 19 December 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 3.7 mm (0.15 in) | 1.7 mm (0.07 in) | 106 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 17 December 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | monthly rain | 80.4 mm (3.2 in) | 18.7 mm (0.7 in) | 45 years | 50 of 100 (Notable) |
| 18 November 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 18.3 mm (0.7 in) | 3.6 mm (0.14 in) | 95 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 8 August 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 11.2 mm (0.4 in) | 1.8 mm (0.07 in) | 27 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 6 August 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 12.4 mm (0.5 in) | 7.3 mm (0.29 in) | 7 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 11 May 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) | 14.0 mm (0.6 in) | 103 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 6 February 1992 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) | 72 years | 40 of 100 (Notable) |
| 13 December 1991 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 13.5 mm (0.5 in) | 6.1 mm (0.24 in) | 24 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 19 October 1990 | White Cliffs (Tongo), AU | daily rain | 26.9 mm (1.1 in) | 3.0 mm (0.12 in) | 20 years | 19 of 100 (Routine) |
Extremes by Year
1878 to 2004| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 129.0 mm (5.1 in) | 1887 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) | 115 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 181.6 mm (7.1 in) | 1887 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) | 115 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 205 days | 1902 | 71 days | 115 |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1878 | 71.1 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1879 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1880 | 32.3 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1881 | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1882 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1883 | 19.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1884 | 16.3 mm (0.6 in) |
| 1885 | 58.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1886 | 26.2 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1887 | 129.0 mm (5.1 in) |
| 1888 | 25.4 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1889 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1890 | 64.8 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1891 | 98.8 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1892 | 28.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1893 | 36.1 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1894 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1895 | 48.8 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1896 | 35.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1897 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1898 | 40.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1899 | 24.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1900 | 23.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1901 | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) |
| 1902 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1903 | 24.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1904 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1905 | 16.5 mm (0.6 in) |
| 1906 | 76.2 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1907 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1908 | 29.2 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1909 | 22.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1910 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1911 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1912 | 46.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1913 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1914 | 23.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1915 | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) |
| 1916 | 36.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1917 | 47.2 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1918 | 94.5 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1919 | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) |
| 1920 | 48.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1921 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1922 | 23.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1923 | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1924 | 26.2 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1925 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1926 | 46.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1927 | 23.9 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1928 | 57.7 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1929 | 35.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1930 | 28.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1931 | 48.8 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1932 | 68.6 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1933 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1934 | 30.5 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1935 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1936 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1937 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1938 | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) |
| 1939 | 31.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1940 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1941 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1942 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1943 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1944 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1945 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1946 | 61.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1947 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1948 | 42.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1949 | 80.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1950 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1951 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1952 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1953 | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1954 | 55.4 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1955 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1956 | 47.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1964 | 10.2 mm (0.4 in) |
| 1965 | 9.4 mm (0.37 in) |
| 1966 | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) |
| 1967 | 29.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1968 | 24.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1969 | 23.4 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1970 | 32.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1971 | 79.8 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1972 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1973 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1974 | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1975 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1976 | 62.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1977 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1978 | 29.2 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1979 | 27.4 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1980 | 20.3 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1981 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1982 | 20.8 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1983 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1985 | 40.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1986 | 19.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1987 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1988 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1989 | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) |
| 1990 | 26.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1991 | 21.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1992 | 80.4 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1993 | 35.0 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1994 | 23.5 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1995 | 83.0 mm (3.3 in) |
| 2000 | 50.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2001 | 25.0 mm (1.0 in) |
| 2002 | 14.0 mm (0.6 in) |
| 2003 | 26.0 mm (1.0 in) |
| 2004 | 26.0 mm (1.0 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1878 | 71.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1879 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1880 | 36.2 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1881 | 69.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1882 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1883 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1884 | 20.6 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1885 | 158.3 mm (6.2 in) |
| 1886 | 54.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1887 | 181.6 mm (7.1 in) |
| 1888 | 31.6 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1889 | 51.6 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1890 | 72.9 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1891 | 134.4 mm (5.3 in) |
| 1892 | 62.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1893 | 64.8 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1894 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1895 | 57.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1896 | 60.9 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1897 | 43.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1898 | 100.7 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1899 | 25.7 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1900 | 41.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1901 | 31.9 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1902 | 63.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1903 | 43.9 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1904 | 40.2 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1905 | 19.8 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1906 | 115.6 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1907 | 83.1 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1908 | 32.2 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1909 | 22.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1910 | 37.4 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1911 | 69.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1912 | 46.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1913 | 37.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1914 | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1915 | 21.4 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1916 | 49.4 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1917 | 57.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1918 | 103.6 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1919 | 15.3 mm (0.6 in) |
| 1920 | 48.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1921 | 63.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1922 | 38.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1923 | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1924 | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1925 | 45.2 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1926 | 67.2 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1927 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1928 | 161.6 mm (6.4 in) |
| 1929 | 44.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1930 | 44.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1931 | 74.5 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1932 | 79.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1933 | 80.8 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1934 | 36.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1935 | 34.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1936 | 61.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1937 | 29.4 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1938 | 19.3 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1939 | 39.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1940 | 48.7 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1941 | 54.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1942 | 35.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1943 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1944 | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1945 | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1946 | 111.8 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1947 | 74.7 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1948 | 80.6 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1949 | 124.5 mm (4.9 in) |
| 1950 | 37.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1951 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1952 | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1953 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1954 | 82.8 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1955 | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1956 | 88.2 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1964 | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) |
| 1965 | 9.4 mm (0.37 in) |
| 1966 | 25.2 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1967 | 32.3 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1968 | 33.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1969 | 55.2 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1970 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1971 | 101.6 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1972 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1973 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1974 | 82.4 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1975 | 51.3 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1976 | 127.0 mm (5.0 in) |
| 1977 | 63.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1978 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1979 | 37.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1980 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1981 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1982 | 20.8 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1983 | 62.3 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1985 | 52.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1986 | 29.8 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1987 | 63.2 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1988 | 73.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1989 | 31.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1990 | 41.2 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1991 | 25.7 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1992 | 117.0 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1993 | 37.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1994 | 23.5 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1995 | 102.0 mm (4.0 in) |
| 2000 | 90.0 mm (3.5 in) |
| 2001 | 25.0 mm (1.0 in) |
| 2002 | 21.0 mm (0.8 in) |
| 2003 | 39.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 2004 | 26.0 mm (1.0 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1878 | 43 days |
| 1879 | 50 days |
| 1880 | 71 days |
| 1881 | 84 days |
| 1882 | 68 days |
| 1883 | 58 days |
| 1884 | 44 days |
| 1885 | 70 days |
| 1886 | 91 days |
| 1887 | 51 days |
| 1888 | 82 days |
| 1889 | 52 days |
| 1890 | 47 days |
| 1891 | 51 days |
| 1892 | 99 days |
| 1893 | 59 days |
| 1894 | 46 days |
| 1895 | 56 days |
| 1896 | 56 days |
| 1897 | 102 days |
| 1898 | 57 days |
| 1899 | 68 days |
| 1900 | 64 days |
| 1901 | 100 days |
| 1902 | 205 days |
| 1903 | 74 days |
| 1904 | 51 days |
| 1905 | 79 days |
| 1906 | 62 days |
| 1907 | 56 days |
| 1908 | 41 days |
| 1909 | 57 days |
| 1910 | 71 days |
| 1911 | 41 days |
| 1912 | 160 days |
| 1913 | 69 days |
| 1914 | 65 days |
| 1915 | 60 days |
| 1916 | 63 days |
| 1917 | 78 days |
| 1918 | 107 days |
| 1919 | 123 days |
| 1920 | 67 days |
| 1921 | 62 days |
| 1922 | 72 days |
| 1923 | 126 days |
| 1924 | 48 days |
| 1925 | 63 days |
| 1926 | 95 days |
| 1927 | 98 days |
| 1928 | 75 days |
| 1929 | 66 days |
| 1930 | 40 days |
| 1931 | 50 days |
| 1932 | 38 days |
| 1933 | 63 days |
| 1934 | 67 days |
| 1935 | 85 days |
| 1936 | 72 days |
| 1937 | 90 days |
| 1938 | 144 days |
| 1939 | 55 days |
| 1940 | 88 days |
| 1941 | 101 days |
| 1942 | 110 days |
| 1943 | 73 days |
| 1944 | 84 days |
| 1945 | 68 days |
| 1946 | 122 days |
| 1947 | 73 days |
| 1948 | 92 days |
| 1949 | 43 days |
| 1950 | 51 days |
| 1951 | 81 days |
| 1952 | 44 days |
| 1953 | 94 days |
| 1954 | 106 days |
| 1955 | 28 days |
| 1956 | 31 days |
| 1964 | 78 days |
| 1965 | 69 days |
| 1966 | 75 days |
| 1967 | 73 days |
| 1968 | 45 days |
| 1969 | 76 days |
| 1970 | 68 days |
| 1971 | 43 days |
| 1972 | 160 days |
| 1973 | 41 days |
| 1974 | 36 days |
| 1975 | 93 days |
| 1976 | 89 days |
| 1977 | 74 days |
| 1978 | 45 days |
| 1979 | 86 days |
| 1980 | 68 days |
| 1981 | 76 days |
| 1982 | 116 days |
| 1983 | 38 days |
| 1985 | 66 days |
| 1986 | 77 days |
| 1987 | 72 days |
| 1988 | 52 days |
| 1989 | 79 days |
| 1990 | 72 days |
| 1991 | 88 days |
| 1992 | 66 days |
| 1993 | 32 days |
| 1994 | 89 days |
| 1995 | 100 days |
| 2000 | 158 days |
| 2001 | 78 days |
| 2002 | 120 days |
| 2003 | 99 days |
| 2004 | 144 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Rainfall Return Levels
112 years, 1878 to 2004A day with at least 34.1 mm (1.3 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 109.9 mm (4.3 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
| Expected about once in | A day with at least | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2 years | 34.1 mm (1.3 in) | |
| 5 years | 50.7 mm (2.0 in) | |
| 10 years | 63.0 mm (2.5 in) | |
| 25 years | 80.3 mm (3.2 in) | |
| 50 years | 94.5 mm (3.7 in) | |
| 100 years | 109.9 mm (4.3 in) |
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 112 years of values from 1878 to 2004.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 129.0 mm (5.1 in) in 1887; 98.8 mm (3.9 in) in 1891; 94.5 mm (3.7 in) in 1918.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).