Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Bungowannah (Roseleigh) Weather Records (ASN00074236)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Bungowannah (Roseleigh) (ASN00074236), Australia, with 134 years of record.

Key Facts for Bungowannah (Roseleigh)

  • Bungowannah (Roseleigh) (ASN00074236) is a weather station in Australia at -36.02 latitude and 146.76 longitude, 158 m (518 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1893 to 2026, 134 years of record.
  • 0 records set at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) still stand.
  • Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Bungowannah (Roseleigh) set a daily record precipitation of 39.0 mm (1.5 in) on 3 March 2026.

About the Station

  • Location: Australia, -36.02 latitude, 146.76 longitude.
  • Elevation: 158 m (518 ft).
  • Period of record: 1893 to 2026, 134 years.
  • Eligible elements: prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Bungowannah (Roseleigh). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. 000111 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Bungowannah (Roseleigh). The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jann/an/an/an/a
Febn/an/an/an/a
Marn/an/an/an/a
Aprn/an/an/an/a
Mayn/an/an/an/a
Junn/an/an/an/a
Juln/an/an/an/a
Augn/an/an/an/a
Sepn/an/an/an/a
Octn/an/an/an/a
Novn/an/an/an/a
Decn/an/an/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

0 standing records
Standing records at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by the year they were set 0 records at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) still stand. 00000000000
0 records at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) still stand.
Standing records at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by the year they were set
Year setStanding records

All-Time Record Progression

5 new records
When Bungowannah (Roseleigh) set new all-time records 5 all-time records were set at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) between 14 January 1925 and 15 January 2011. Each dot is a new record. Record daily precipitation14 January 1925: Record daily precipitation 59.9 mm (2.4 in)19 February 1928: Record daily precipitation 81.8 mm (3.2 in)28 February 1939: Record daily precipitation 82.3 mm (3.2 in)12 January 1960: Record daily precipitation 96.3 mm (3.8 in)15 January 2011: Record daily precipitation 116.8 mm (4.6 in)193519501965198019952010
5 all-time records were set at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) between 14 January 1925 and 15 January 2011. Each dot is a new record.
When Bungowannah (Roseleigh) set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1925-01-14Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 59.9 mm (2.4 in)
1928-02-19Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 81.8 mm (3.2 in)
1939-02-28Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 82.3 mm (3.2 in)
1960-01-12Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 96.3 mm (3.8 in)
2011-01-15Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 116.8 mm (4.6 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Jan: 116.8 mm (4.6 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Bungowannah (Roseleigh). The most was 116.8 mm (4.6 in) on 15 January 2011. 050100150 Jan: 116.8 mm (4.6 in), 15 January 2011 Jan Feb: 82.3 mm (3.2 in), 28 February 1939 Feb Mar: 87.0 mm (3.4 in), 1 March 2012 Mar Apr: 66.0 mm (2.6 in), 28 April 1992 Apr May: 59.8 mm (2.4 in), 19 May 1978 May Jun: 47.5 mm (1.9 in), 24 June 1936 Jun Jul: 50.0 mm (2.0 in), 20 July 1969 Jul Aug: 65.2 mm (2.6 in), 14 August 2003 Aug Sep: 45.7 mm (1.8 in), 10 September 1921 Sep Oct: 52.8 mm (2.1 in), 11 October 1934 Oct Nov: 53.1 mm (2.1 in), 30 November 1934 Nov Dec: 57.2 mm (2.3 in), 23 December 1964 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Bungowannah (Roseleigh). The most was 116.8 mm (4.6 in) on 15 January 2011.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Bungowannah (Roseleigh)
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan116.8 mm (4.6 in)15 January 2011
Feb82.3 mm (3.2 in)28 February 1939
Mar87.0 mm (3.4 in)1 March 2012
Apr66.0 mm (2.6 in)28 April 1992
May59.8 mm (2.4 in)19 May 1978
Jun47.5 mm (1.9 in)24 June 1936
Jul50.0 mm (2.0 in)20 July 1969
Aug65.2 mm (2.6 in)14 August 2003
Sep45.7 mm (1.8 in)10 September 1921
Oct52.8 mm (2.1 in)11 October 1934
Nov53.1 mm (2.1 in)30 November 1934
Dec57.2 mm (2.3 in)23 December 1964

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Bungowannah (Roseleigh)
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
3 March 2026Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain39.0 mm (1.5 in)19.4 mm (0.8 in)69 years48 of 100 (Notable)
23 February 2026Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain77.2 mm (3.0 in)41.6 mm (1.6 in)110 years77 of 100 (Major)
22 December 2025Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain53.2 mm (2.1 in)22.2 mm (0.9 in)111 years64 of 100 (Major)
21 March 2025Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain46.4 mm (1.8 in)1.4 mm (0.06 in)94 years39 of 100 (Notable)
27 November 2024Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain17.6 mm (0.7 in)0.6 mm (0.02 in)72 years20 of 100 (Routine)
31 May 2024Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain39.0 mm (1.5 in)17.2 mm (0.7 in)103 years64 of 100 (Major)
26 December 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain23.2 mm (0.9 in)1.4 mm (0.06 in)24 years18 of 100 (Routine)
4 October 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain41.2 mm (1.6 in)8.2 mm (0.32 in)73 years42 of 100 (Notable)
8 April 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain25.0 mm (1.0 in)0.1 mm (0.00 in)101 years40 of 100 (Notable)
29 March 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain29.6 mm (1.2 in)14.6 mm (0.6 in)113 years54 of 100 (Notable)
30 January 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain92.4 mm (3.6 in)32.4 mm (1.3 in)0 years34 of 100 (Routine)
17 January 2023Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain47.0 mm (1.9 in)22.1 mm (0.9 in)52 years41 of 100 (Notable)
13 November 2022Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain29.0 mm (1.1 in)1.8 mm (0.07 in)76 years34 of 100 (Routine)
12 November 2022Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain49.0 mm (1.9 in)9.0 mm (0.35 in)24 years27 of 100 (Routine)
5 August 2022Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain20.4 mm (0.8 in)0.3 mm (0.01 in)72 years20 of 100 (Routine)
30 January 2022Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain60.0 mm (2.4 in)9.4 mm (0.37 in)0 years17 of 100 (Routine)
6 January 2022Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain53.2 mm (2.1 in)2.2 mm (0.09 in)31 years20 of 100 (Routine)
20 December 2021Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain27.2 mm (1.1 in)17.2 mm (0.7 in)14 years32 of 100 (Routine)
24 November 2021Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain25.0 mm (1.0 in)2.1 mm (0.08 in)48 years26 of 100 (Routine)
4 September 2021Bungowannah (Roseleigh), AUdaily rain37.8 mm (1.5 in)7.0 mm (0.28 in)4 years21 of 100 (Routine)

Extremes by Year

1893 to 2026
Yearly extremes at Bungowannah (Roseleigh): the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Wettest day (Rx1day)116.8 mm (4.6 in)201139.3 mm (1.5 in)134
Wettest five days (Rx5day)157.2 mm (6.2 in)201262.2 mm (2.4 in)134
Longest dry spell (CDD)71 days193033 days134

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year The wettest day of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 116.8 mm (4.6 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 39.3 mm (1.5 in). 0501001501900192019401960198020002020Record: 116.8 mm (4.6 in) in 2011
The wettest day of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 116.8 mm (4.6 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 39.3 mm (1.5 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
189329.2 mm (1.1 in)
189432.0 mm (1.3 in)
189534.3 mm (1.4 in)
189635.6 mm (1.4 in)
189732.8 mm (1.3 in)
189855.9 mm (2.2 in)
189938.1 mm (1.5 in)
190039.9 mm (1.6 in)
190123.9 mm (0.9 in)
190231.5 mm (1.2 in)
190342.4 mm (1.7 in)
190451.6 mm (2.0 in)
190529.5 mm (1.2 in)
190643.4 mm (1.7 in)
190740.4 mm (1.6 in)
190833.0 mm (1.3 in)
190945.0 mm (1.8 in)
191034.3 mm (1.4 in)
191135.6 mm (1.4 in)
191240.6 mm (1.6 in)
191340.1 mm (1.6 in)
191442.4 mm (1.7 in)
191536.8 mm (1.4 in)
191638.9 mm (1.5 in)
191736.8 mm (1.4 in)
191848.8 mm (1.9 in)
191951.6 mm (2.0 in)
192039.1 mm (1.5 in)
192145.7 mm (1.8 in)
192229.2 mm (1.1 in)
192325.7 mm (1.0 in)
192449.5 mm (1.9 in)
192559.9 mm (2.4 in)
192641.9 mm (1.6 in)
192741.9 mm (1.6 in)
192881.8 mm (3.2 in)
192929.2 mm (1.1 in)
193051.1 mm (2.0 in)
193146.2 mm (1.8 in)
193233.8 mm (1.3 in)
193338.6 mm (1.5 in)
193473.7 mm (2.9 in)
193538.1 mm (1.5 in)
193647.5 mm (1.9 in)
193738.9 mm (1.5 in)
193833.3 mm (1.3 in)
193982.3 mm (3.2 in)
194032.0 mm (1.3 in)
194154.4 mm (2.1 in)
194228.4 mm (1.1 in)
194327.7 mm (1.1 in)
194424.6 mm (1.0 in)
194542.9 mm (1.7 in)
194644.5 mm (1.8 in)
194726.9 mm (1.1 in)
194836.1 mm (1.4 in)
194933.0 mm (1.3 in)
195032.3 mm (1.3 in)
195126.7 mm (1.1 in)
195227.4 mm (1.1 in)
195333.3 mm (1.3 in)
195447.5 mm (1.9 in)
195545.2 mm (1.8 in)
195668.6 mm (2.7 in)
195739.4 mm (1.6 in)
195828.2 mm (1.1 in)
195933.5 mm (1.3 in)
196096.3 mm (3.8 in)
196130.7 mm (1.2 in)
196235.8 mm (1.4 in)
196347.5 mm (1.9 in)
196457.2 mm (2.3 in)
196540.6 mm (1.6 in)
196643.7 mm (1.7 in)
196718.0 mm (0.7 in)
196832.8 mm (1.3 in)
196963.2 mm (2.5 in)
197044.5 mm (1.8 in)
197131.2 mm (1.2 in)
197222.9 mm (0.9 in)
197354.1 mm (2.1 in)
197464.0 mm (2.5 in)
197547.0 mm (1.9 in)
197627.0 mm (1.1 in)
197727.6 mm (1.1 in)
197859.8 mm (2.4 in)
197929.2 mm (1.1 in)
198029.0 mm (1.1 in)
198134.4 mm (1.4 in)
198253.8 mm (2.1 in)
198342.6 mm (1.7 in)
198448.8 mm (1.9 in)
198531.0 mm (1.2 in)
198630.8 mm (1.2 in)
198729.4 mm (1.2 in)
198842.0 mm (1.7 in)
198941.6 mm (1.6 in)
199039.0 mm (1.5 in)
199151.0 mm (2.0 in)
199266.0 mm (2.6 in)
199361.6 mm (2.4 in)
199433.4 mm (1.3 in)
199533.4 mm (1.3 in)
199654.0 mm (2.1 in)
199738.4 mm (1.5 in)
199840.0 mm (1.6 in)
199934.6 mm (1.4 in)
200044.0 mm (1.7 in)
200138.0 mm (1.5 in)
200225.0 mm (1.0 in)
200365.2 mm (2.6 in)
200423.4 mm (0.9 in)
200541.2 mm (1.6 in)
200622.0 mm (0.9 in)
200728.0 mm (1.1 in)
200857.8 mm (2.3 in)
200928.0 mm (1.1 in)
201049.8 mm (2.0 in)
2011116.8 mm (4.6 in)
201287.0 mm (3.4 in)
201346.0 mm (1.8 in)
201458.0 mm (2.3 in)
201532.6 mm (1.3 in)
201637.2 mm (1.5 in)
201742.4 mm (1.7 in)
201831.2 mm (1.2 in)
201914.6 mm (0.6 in)
202059.0 mm (2.3 in)
202150.6 mm (2.0 in)
202260.0 mm (2.4 in)
202392.4 mm (3.6 in)
202439.0 mm (1.5 in)
202553.2 mm (2.1 in)
202677.2 mm (3.0 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year The wettest five days of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 157.2 mm (6.2 in) in 2012, marked on the chart; the median year is 62.2 mm (2.4 in). 0501001502001900192019401960198020002020Record: 157.2 mm (6.2 in) in 2012
The wettest five days of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 157.2 mm (6.2 in) in 2012, marked on the chart; the median year is 62.2 mm (2.4 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
189366.4 mm (2.6 in)
189469.6 mm (2.7 in)
189557.4 mm (2.3 in)
189673.7 mm (2.9 in)
189772.2 mm (2.8 in)
189862.5 mm (2.5 in)
189960.5 mm (2.4 in)
190057.2 mm (2.3 in)
190145.9 mm (1.8 in)
190259.0 mm (2.3 in)
1903100.8 mm (4.0 in)
190474.0 mm (2.9 in)
190540.9 mm (1.6 in)
190658.9 mm (2.3 in)
190751.3 mm (2.0 in)
190846.0 mm (1.8 in)
190973.7 mm (2.9 in)
191046.7 mm (1.8 in)
191152.1 mm (2.1 in)
191292.0 mm (3.6 in)
191352.5 mm (2.1 in)
191449.7 mm (2.0 in)
191579.5 mm (3.1 in)
191668.7 mm (2.7 in)
191768.0 mm (2.7 in)
191897.0 mm (3.8 in)
191977.3 mm (3.0 in)
192054.1 mm (2.1 in)
192169.8 mm (2.7 in)
192234.8 mm (1.4 in)
192373.3 mm (2.9 in)
192463.0 mm (2.5 in)
1925144.7 mm (5.7 in)
192673.0 mm (2.9 in)
192747.9 mm (1.9 in)
1928122.7 mm (4.8 in)
192957.2 mm (2.3 in)
193075.5 mm (3.0 in)
193176.5 mm (3.0 in)
193264.5 mm (2.5 in)
193375.1 mm (3.0 in)
1934117.7 mm (4.6 in)
193589.1 mm (3.5 in)
193661.2 mm (2.4 in)
193795.2 mm (3.7 in)
193833.3 mm (1.3 in)
1939153.5 mm (6.0 in)
194040.4 mm (1.6 in)
194164.8 mm (2.6 in)
194282.0 mm (3.2 in)
194340.9 mm (1.6 in)
194443.2 mm (1.7 in)
194573.6 mm (2.9 in)
194696.3 mm (3.8 in)
194742.0 mm (1.7 in)
194852.1 mm (2.1 in)
194958.7 mm (2.3 in)
195060.7 mm (2.4 in)
195152.8 mm (2.1 in)
195251.1 mm (2.0 in)
195346.3 mm (1.8 in)
195469.9 mm (2.8 in)
195578.8 mm (3.1 in)
195682.6 mm (3.3 in)
195752.8 mm (2.1 in)
195852.6 mm (2.1 in)
195965.8 mm (2.6 in)
1960118.7 mm (4.7 in)
196155.4 mm (2.2 in)
196266.3 mm (2.6 in)
196372.4 mm (2.9 in)
196461.3 mm (2.4 in)
196541.8 mm (1.6 in)
196697.4 mm (3.8 in)
196727.1 mm (1.1 in)
196842.7 mm (1.7 in)
196982.0 mm (3.2 in)
197079.2 mm (3.1 in)
197182.5 mm (3.2 in)
197232.3 mm (1.3 in)
197358.6 mm (2.3 in)
197480.6 mm (3.2 in)
197559.4 mm (2.3 in)
197663.2 mm (2.5 in)
197765.8 mm (2.6 in)
197870.0 mm (2.8 in)
197946.1 mm (1.8 in)
198038.8 mm (1.5 in)
198167.0 mm (2.6 in)
198260.8 mm (2.4 in)
198373.4 mm (2.9 in)
198458.2 mm (2.3 in)
198556.6 mm (2.2 in)
198681.4 mm (3.2 in)
198761.2 mm (2.4 in)
198887.8 mm (3.5 in)
198971.4 mm (2.8 in)
199050.4 mm (2.0 in)
199157.2 mm (2.3 in)
199271.6 mm (2.8 in)
199375.6 mm (3.0 in)
199446.4 mm (1.8 in)
199556.2 mm (2.2 in)
199661.8 mm (2.4 in)
199758.4 mm (2.3 in)
199872.0 mm (2.8 in)
199948.0 mm (1.9 in)
200052.8 mm (2.1 in)
200141.4 mm (1.6 in)
200238.6 mm (1.5 in)
200375.2 mm (3.0 in)
200447.2 mm (1.9 in)
200586.6 mm (3.4 in)
200632.4 mm (1.3 in)
200758.8 mm (2.3 in)
200858.6 mm (2.3 in)
200942.8 mm (1.7 in)
201087.2 mm (3.4 in)
2011142.8 mm (5.6 in)
2012157.2 mm (6.2 in)
201368.4 mm (2.7 in)
2014103.4 mm (4.1 in)
201561.8 mm (2.4 in)
201657.2 mm (2.3 in)
201767.6 mm (2.7 in)
201834.0 mm (1.3 in)
201917.8 mm (0.7 in)
202075.4 mm (3.0 in)
202157.4 mm (2.3 in)
2022103.0 mm (4.1 in)
202396.8 mm (3.8 in)
202461.0 mm (2.4 in)
202556.4 mm (2.2 in)
202682.4 mm (3.2 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year The longest dry spell of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 71 days in 1930, marked on the chart; the median year is 33 days. 0204060801900192019401960198020002020Record: 71 days in 1930
The longest dry spell of the year at Bungowannah (Roseleigh), 1893 to 2026. The record is 71 days in 1930, marked on the chart; the median year is 33 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Bungowannah (Roseleigh) by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
189335 days
189429 days
189559 days
189638 days
189757 days
189841 days
189941 days
190042 days
190142 days
190242 days
190338 days
190425 days
190533 days
190631 days
190727 days
190831 days
190924 days
191058 days
191125 days
191267 days
191329 days
191451 days
191546 days
191625 days
191722 days
191827 days
191948 days
192048 days
192135 days
192238 days
192351 days
192428 days
192541 days
192656 days
192735 days
192853 days
192941 days
193071 days
193140 days
193226 days
193338 days
193446 days
193532 days
193632 days
193741 days
193840 days
193947 days
194043 days
194133 days
194226 days
194341 days
194439 days
194538 days
194637 days
194724 days
194855 days
194927 days
195035 days
195130 days
195247 days
195359 days
195434 days
195519 days
195626 days
195738 days
195827 days
195923 days
196021 days
196126 days
196241 days
196335 days
196431 days
196571 days
196626 days
196762 days
196860 days
196924 days
197023 days
197121 days
197237 days
197315 days
197423 days
197525 days
197620 days
197727 days
197849 days
197936 days
198038 days
198132 days
198237 days
198340 days
198426 days
198527 days
198634 days
198722 days
198825 days
198932 days
199023 days
199138 days
199222 days
199319 days
199432 days
199535 days
199620 days
199731 days
199829 days
199917 days
200026 days
200129 days
200236 days
200350 days
200450 days
200538 days
200656 days
200729 days
200841 days
200935 days
201025 days
201119 days
201235 days
201329 days
201424 days
201533 days
201643 days
201722 days
201827 days
201928 days
202017 days
202126 days
202228 days
202324 days
202432 days
202531 days
202623 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Rainfall Return Levels

131 years, 1894 to 2025

A day with at least 39.2 mm (1.5 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 100.5 mm (4.0 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Bungowannah (Roseleigh): the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years39.2 mm (1.5 in)
5 years52.3 mm (2.1 in)
10 years62.2 mm (2.4 in)
25 years76.2 mm (3.0 in)
50 years87.8 mm (3.5 in)
100 years100.5 mm (4.0 in)

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 131 years of values from 1894 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 116.8 mm (4.6 in) in 2011; 96.3 mm (3.8 in) in 1960; 92.4 mm (3.6 in) in 2023.

Download the Data

  • Data for Bungowannah (Roseleigh) standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Bungowannah (Roseleigh) threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-12).