Yackandandah Weather Records (ASN00082058)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Yackandandah (ASN00082058), Australia, with 141 years of record.

Key Facts for Yackandandah

Yackandandah (ASN00082058) is a weather station in Australia at -36.31 latitude and 146.84 longitude, 301 m (988 ft) above sea level.
The station reports from 1886 to 2026, 141 years of record.
0 records set at Yackandandah still stand.
Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
Yackandandah set a daily record precipitation of 78.8 mm (3.1 in) on 10 August 2026.

About the Station

Location: Australia, -36.31 latitude, 146.84 longitude.
Elevation: 301 m (988 ft).
Period of record: 1886 to 2026, 141 years.
Eligible elements: prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record

The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Yackandandah. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.

Daily record high and record low at Yackandandah, with 2026 drawn through them
Month	Highest record high	Lowest record low	2026 highest maximum	2026 lowest minimum
Jan	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Feb	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mar	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Apr	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
May	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jun	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jul	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Aug	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Sep	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oct	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Nov	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Dec	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

0 standing records

0 records at Yackandandah still stand.

All-Time Record Progression

1 new records

1 all-time records were set at Yackandandah between 27 February 1939 and 27 February 1939. Each dot is a new record.

Wettest Day of Each Month

Feb: 169.7 mm (6.7 in)

The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Yackandandah. The most was 169.7 mm (6.7 in) on 27 February 1939.

Record daily precipitation for each month at Yackandandah
Month	Record daily precipitation (mm)	Date
Jan	82.6 mm (3.3 in)	29 January 1954
Feb	169.7 mm (6.7 in)	27 February 1939
Mar	102.6 mm (4.0 in)	1 March 2012
Apr	84.8 mm (3.3 in)	28 April 1992
May	97.0 mm (3.8 in)	3 May 2019
Jun	86.4 mm (3.4 in)	25 June 1981
Jul	80.3 mm (3.2 in)	8 July 1916
Aug	85.3 mm (3.4 in)	26 August 1924
Sep	83.8 mm (3.3 in)	9 September 1949
Oct	77.5 mm (3.1 in)	11 October 1934
Nov	89.2 mm (3.5 in)	12 November 1998
Dec	103.8 mm (4.1 in)	15 December 1975

Latest Records

Latest records at Yackandandah
Date	Station	Record	Value	Beat old record by	Old record stood	Significance
10 August 2026	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	78.8 mm (3.1 in)	38.4 mm (1.5 in)	41 years	62 of 100 (Major)
23 February 2026	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	78.0 mm (3.1 in)	48.0 mm (1.9 in)	26 years	49 of 100 (Notable)
26 July 2025	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	35.0 mm (1.4 in)	5.0 mm (0.20 in)	116 years	45 of 100 (Notable)
28 November 2024	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	75.6 mm (3.0 in)	48.6 mm (1.9 in)	14 years	54 of 100 (Notable)
27 November 2024	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	42.4 mm (1.7 in)	6.3 mm (0.25 in)	72 years	36 of 100 (Notable)
31 May 2024	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	52.0 mm (2.0 in)	15.2 mm (0.6 in)	111 years	53 of 100 (Notable)
8 June 2023	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain (Tie)	32.8 mm (1.3 in)	tie	100 years	10 of 100 (Routine)
29 March 2023	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	58.0 mm (2.3 in)	0.8 mm (0.03 in)	72 years	31 of 100 (Routine)
13 November 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	55.6 mm (2.2 in)	6.1 mm (0.24 in)	131 years	45 of 100 (Notable)
26 October 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	43.0 mm (1.7 in)	25.2 mm (1.0 in)	129 years	64 of 100 (Major)
22 October 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	28.2 mm (1.1 in)	3.3 mm (0.13 in)	88 years	39 of 100 (Notable)
14 October 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	45.2 mm (1.8 in)	15.0 mm (0.6 in)	117 years	54 of 100 (Notable)
30 August 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	44.4 mm (1.7 in)	1.0 mm (0.04 in)	51 years	26 of 100 (Routine)
7 January 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	36.2 mm (1.4 in)	18.2 mm (0.7 in)	88 years	50 of 100 (Notable)
6 January 2022	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	61.4 mm (2.4 in)	23.6 mm (0.9 in)	88 years	54 of 100 (Notable)
20 December 2021	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	56.2 mm (2.2 in)	36.2 mm (1.4 in)	18 years	44 of 100 (Notable)
4 September 2021	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	45.0 mm (1.8 in)	2.4 mm (0.09 in)	11 years	15 of 100 (Routine)
6 February 2021	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	53.4 mm (2.1 in)	24.4 mm (1.0 in)	10 years	29 of 100 (Routine)
30 January 2021	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	77.0 mm (3.0 in)	43.2 mm (1.7 in)	54 years	60 of 100 (Major)
30 April 2020	Yackandandah, AU	daily rain	47.0 mm (1.9 in)	20.6 mm (0.8 in)	85 years	52 of 100 (Notable)

Extremes by Year

1886 to 2026

Yearly extremes at Yackandandah: the record and the median year
Measure	Record	Year of the record	Median year	Years with a value
Wettest day (Rx1day)	169.7 mm (6.7 in)	1939	57.7 mm (2.3 in)	141
Wettest five days (Rx5day)	290.6 mm (11.4 in)	1939	93.2 mm (3.7 in)	141
Longest dry spell (CDD)	54 days	1889	26 days	141

Wettest day (Rx1day)

The wettest day of the year at Yackandandah, 1886 to 2026. The record is 169.7 mm (6.7 in) in 1939, marked on the chart; the median year is 57.7 mm (2.3 in).

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Yackandandah by year
Year	Wettest day (Rx1day)
1886	55.4 mm (2.2 in)
1887	66.8 mm (2.6 in)
1888	89.9 mm (3.5 in)
1889	72.9 mm (2.9 in)
1890	71.6 mm (2.8 in)
1891	52.8 mm (2.1 in)
1892	50.3 mm (2.0 in)
1893	74.9 mm (2.9 in)
1894	61.5 mm (2.4 in)
1895	59.9 mm (2.4 in)
1896	67.6 mm (2.7 in)
1897	50.5 mm (2.0 in)
1898	108.5 mm (4.3 in)
1899	56.1 mm (2.2 in)
1900	34.3 mm (1.4 in)
1901	61.7 mm (2.4 in)
1902	54.6 mm (2.1 in)
1903	38.6 mm (1.5 in)
1904	77.2 mm (3.0 in)
1905	68.1 mm (2.7 in)
1906	94.7 mm (3.7 in)
1907	36.8 mm (1.4 in)
1908	45.0 mm (1.8 in)
1909	66.0 mm (2.6 in)
1910	46.5 mm (1.8 in)
1911	55.1 mm (2.2 in)
1912	53.1 mm (2.1 in)
1913	40.1 mm (1.6 in)
1914	52.3 mm (2.1 in)
1915	41.4 mm (1.6 in)
1916	80.3 mm (3.2 in)
1917	67.3 mm (2.6 in)
1918	87.9 mm (3.5 in)
1919	63.5 mm (2.5 in)
1920	50.0 mm (2.0 in)
1921	83.1 mm (3.3 in)
1922	45.2 mm (1.8 in)
1923	56.4 mm (2.2 in)
1924	85.3 mm (3.4 in)
1925	43.2 mm (1.7 in)
1926	58.4 mm (2.3 in)
1927	41.9 mm (1.6 in)
1928	57.2 mm (2.3 in)
1929	62.2 mm (2.4 in)
1930	56.4 mm (2.2 in)
1931	63.2 mm (2.5 in)
1932	45.0 mm (1.8 in)
1933	56.1 mm (2.2 in)
1934	77.5 mm (3.1 in)
1935	38.1 mm (1.5 in)
1936	57.7 mm (2.3 in)
1937	44.7 mm (1.8 in)
1938	37.3 mm (1.5 in)
1939	169.7 mm (6.7 in)
1940	48.3 mm (1.9 in)
1941	60.7 mm (2.4 in)
1942	50.0 mm (2.0 in)
1943	38.1 mm (1.5 in)
1944	31.5 mm (1.2 in)
1945	67.8 mm (2.7 in)
1946	63.5 mm (2.5 in)
1947	47.2 mm (1.9 in)
1948	35.1 mm (1.4 in)
1949	83.8 mm (3.3 in)
1950	57.2 mm (2.3 in)
1951	48.8 mm (1.9 in)
1952	36.1 mm (1.4 in)
1953	40.4 mm (1.6 in)
1954	82.6 mm (3.3 in)
1955	63.5 mm (2.5 in)
1956	79.0 mm (3.1 in)
1957	64.8 mm (2.6 in)
1958	77.2 mm (3.0 in)
1959	81.3 mm (3.2 in)
1960	62.2 mm (2.4 in)
1961	52.8 mm (2.1 in)
1962	41.1 mm (1.6 in)
1963	32.8 mm (1.3 in)
1964	49.5 mm (1.9 in)
1965	39.1 mm (1.5 in)
1966	55.1 mm (2.2 in)
1967	34.0 mm (1.3 in)
1968	52.8 mm (2.1 in)
1969	57.9 mm (2.3 in)
1970	67.6 mm (2.7 in)
1971	43.4 mm (1.7 in)
1972	37.1 mm (1.5 in)
1973	60.7 mm (2.4 in)
1974	79.4 mm (3.1 in)
1975	103.8 mm (4.1 in)
1976	24.0 mm (0.9 in)
1977	31.4 mm (1.2 in)
1978	79.0 mm (3.1 in)
1979	77.2 mm (3.0 in)
1980	56.0 mm (2.2 in)
1981	86.4 mm (3.4 in)
1982	29.8 mm (1.2 in)
1983	78.4 mm (3.1 in)
1984	64.0 mm (2.5 in)
1985	46.4 mm (1.8 in)
1986	74.6 mm (2.9 in)
1987	48.0 mm (1.9 in)
1988	51.6 mm (2.0 in)
1989	48.0 mm (1.9 in)
1990	60.0 mm (2.4 in)
1991	36.8 mm (1.4 in)
1992	84.8 mm (3.3 in)
1993	67.4 mm (2.7 in)
1994	38.6 mm (1.5 in)
1995	38.2 mm (1.5 in)
1996	72.4 mm (2.9 in)
1997	79.2 mm (3.1 in)
1998	89.2 mm (3.5 in)
1999	55.0 mm (2.2 in)
2000	48.2 mm (1.9 in)
2001	52.8 mm (2.1 in)
2002	47.4 mm (1.9 in)
2003	57.8 mm (2.3 in)
2004	36.0 mm (1.4 in)
2005	60.2 mm (2.4 in)
2006	27.8 mm (1.1 in)
2007	42.6 mm (1.7 in)
2008	58.0 mm (2.3 in)
2009	33.8 mm (1.3 in)
2010	84.2 mm (3.3 in)
2011	90.4 mm (3.6 in)
2012	102.6 mm (4.0 in)
2013	55.2 mm (2.2 in)
2014	53.6 mm (2.1 in)
2015	58.6 mm (2.3 in)
2016	76.4 mm (3.0 in)
2017	95.4 mm (3.8 in)
2018	62.6 mm (2.5 in)
2019	97.0 mm (3.8 in)
2020	90.6 mm (3.6 in)
2021	77.0 mm (3.0 in)
2022	61.4 mm (2.4 in)
2023	58.8 mm (2.3 in)
2024	75.6 mm (3.0 in)
2025	39.8 mm (1.6 in)
2026	78.8 mm (3.1 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

The wettest five days of the year at Yackandandah, 1886 to 2026. The record is 290.6 mm (11.4 in) in 1939, marked on the chart; the median year is 93.2 mm (3.7 in).

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Yackandandah by year
Year	Wettest five days (Rx5day)
1886	90.9 mm (3.6 in)
1887	99.7 mm (3.9 in)
1888	123.6 mm (4.9 in)
1889	151.3 mm (6.0 in)
1890	88.6 mm (3.5 in)
1891	93.2 mm (3.7 in)
1892	71.1 mm (2.8 in)
1893	209.0 mm (8.2 in)
1894	100.9 mm (4.0 in)
1895	88.1 mm (3.5 in)
1896	83.1 mm (3.3 in)
1897	82.5 mm (3.2 in)
1898	129.5 mm (5.1 in)
1899	115.9 mm (4.6 in)
1900	86.8 mm (3.4 in)
1901	98.0 mm (3.9 in)
1902	98.8 mm (3.9 in)
1903	75.7 mm (3.0 in)
1904	117.6 mm (4.6 in)
1905	141.0 mm (5.6 in)
1906	120.9 mm (4.8 in)
1907	64.3 mm (2.5 in)
1908	86.6 mm (3.4 in)
1909	102.9 mm (4.1 in)
1910	74.4 mm (2.9 in)
1911	108.9 mm (4.3 in)
1912	122.5 mm (4.8 in)
1913	76.0 mm (3.0 in)
1914	69.4 mm (2.7 in)
1915	136.1 mm (5.4 in)
1916	130.4 mm (5.1 in)
1917	128.2 mm (5.0 in)
1918	166.7 mm (6.6 in)
1919	110.5 mm (4.4 in)
1920	101.3 mm (4.0 in)
1921	143.6 mm (5.7 in)
1922	84.6 mm (3.3 in)
1923	129.8 mm (5.1 in)
1924	123.4 mm (4.9 in)
1925	95.0 mm (3.7 in)
1926	108.4 mm (4.3 in)
1927	87.5 mm (3.4 in)
1928	170.3 mm (6.7 in)
1929	121.0 mm (4.8 in)
1930	115.9 mm (4.6 in)
1931	88.7 mm (3.5 in)
1932	87.1 mm (3.4 in)
1933	117.1 mm (4.6 in)
1934	114.8 mm (4.5 in)
1935	90.4 mm (3.6 in)
1936	98.6 mm (3.9 in)
1937	69.3 mm (2.7 in)
1938	62.5 mm (2.5 in)
1939	290.6 mm (11.4 in)
1940	54.9 mm (2.2 in)
1941	84.9 mm (3.3 in)
1942	83.6 mm (3.3 in)
1943	54.6 mm (2.1 in)
1944	51.8 mm (2.0 in)
1945	115.6 mm (4.6 in)
1946	110.7 mm (4.4 in)
1947	71.7 mm (2.8 in)
1948	72.4 mm (2.9 in)
1949	99.0 mm (3.9 in)
1950	98.2 mm (3.9 in)
1951	86.9 mm (3.4 in)
1952	101.8 mm (4.0 in)
1953	81.7 mm (3.2 in)
1954	123.2 mm (4.9 in)
1955	101.3 mm (4.0 in)
1956	112.5 mm (4.4 in)
1957	88.3 mm (3.5 in)
1958	109.5 mm (4.3 in)
1959	140.5 mm (5.5 in)
1960	99.5 mm (3.9 in)
1961	90.1 mm (3.5 in)
1962	86.4 mm (3.4 in)
1963	58.4 mm (2.3 in)
1964	65.5 mm (2.6 in)
1965	54.3 mm (2.1 in)
1966	138.5 mm (5.5 in)
1967	35.5 mm (1.4 in)
1968	87.9 mm (3.5 in)
1969	65.0 mm (2.6 in)
1970	110.3 mm (4.3 in)
1971	59.7 mm (2.4 in)
1972	58.1 mm (2.3 in)
1973	126.5 mm (5.0 in)
1974	152.4 mm (6.0 in)
1975	103.8 mm (4.1 in)
1976	38.0 mm (1.5 in)
1977	50.4 mm (2.0 in)
1978	89.6 mm (3.5 in)
1979	121.8 mm (4.8 in)
1980	69.2 mm (2.7 in)
1981	87.6 mm (3.4 in)
1982	40.8 mm (1.6 in)
1983	117.0 mm (4.6 in)
1984	114.6 mm (4.5 in)
1985	94.1 mm (3.7 in)
1986	126.6 mm (5.0 in)
1987	57.8 mm (2.3 in)
1988	84.4 mm (3.3 in)
1989	68.4 mm (2.7 in)
1990	86.6 mm (3.4 in)
1991	67.8 mm (2.7 in)
1992	108.4 mm (4.3 in)
1993	79.4 mm (3.1 in)
1994	49.0 mm (1.9 in)
1995	65.2 mm (2.6 in)
1996	109.0 mm (4.3 in)
1997	78.9 mm (3.1 in)
1998	127.2 mm (5.0 in)
1999	90.0 mm (3.5 in)
2000	85.2 mm (3.4 in)
2001	69.0 mm (2.7 in)
2002	59.2 mm (2.3 in)
2003	112.2 mm (4.4 in)
2004	79.4 mm (3.1 in)
2005	154.2 mm (6.1 in)
2006	46.0 mm (1.8 in)
2007	86.0 mm (3.4 in)
2008	80.4 mm (3.2 in)
2009	61.2 mm (2.4 in)
2010	104.8 mm (4.1 in)
2011	129.0 mm (5.1 in)
2012	254.8 mm (10.0 in)
2013	85.4 mm (3.4 in)
2014	78.6 mm (3.1 in)
2015	86.4 mm (3.4 in)
2016	146.4 mm (5.8 in)
2017	114.6 mm (4.5 in)
2018	135.2 mm (5.3 in)
2019	111.2 mm (4.4 in)
2020	141.8 mm (5.6 in)
2021	92.8 mm (3.7 in)
2022	120.2 mm (4.7 in)
2023	84.0 mm (3.3 in)
2024	171.0 mm (6.7 in)
2025	71.6 mm (2.8 in)
2026	114.2 mm (4.5 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

The longest dry spell of the year at Yackandandah, 1886 to 2026. The record is 54 days in 1889, marked on the chart; the median year is 26 days.

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Yackandandah by year
Year	Longest dry spell (CDD)
1886	12 days
1887	20 days
1888	39 days
1889	54 days
1890	26 days
1891	34 days
1892	29 days
1893	33 days
1894	34 days
1895	53 days
1896	32 days
1897	27 days
1898	32 days
1899	24 days
1900	27 days
1901	26 days
1902	40 days
1903	38 days
1904	26 days
1905	25 days
1906	31 days
1907	27 days
1908	19 days
1909	23 days
1910	16 days
1911	23 days
1912	37 days
1913	28 days
1914	36 days
1915	23 days
1916	25 days
1917	18 days
1918	29 days
1919	48 days
1920	48 days
1921	22 days
1922	36 days
1923	53 days
1924	20 days
1925	40 days
1926	45 days
1927	35 days
1928	25 days
1929	28 days
1930	23 days
1931	28 days
1932	23 days
1933	24 days
1934	40 days
1935	25 days
1936	22 days
1937	28 days
1938	29 days
1939	21 days
1940	43 days
1941	28 days
1942	24 days
1943	23 days
1944	27 days
1945	35 days
1946	18 days
1947	21 days
1948	39 days
1949	25 days
1950	34 days
1951	27 days
1952	40 days
1953	32 days
1954	30 days
1955	24 days
1956	10 days
1957	38 days
1958	27 days
1959	24 days
1960	16 days
1961	24 days
1962	24 days
1963	28 days
1964	23 days
1965	28 days
1966	26 days
1967	43 days
1968	36 days
1969	22 days
1970	23 days
1971	20 days
1972	31 days
1973	16 days
1974	21 days
1975	22 days
1976	21 days
1977	25 days
1978	16 days
1979	35 days
1980	36 days
1981	30 days
1982	24 days
1983	19 days
1984	24 days
1985	38 days
1986	34 days
1987	28 days
1988	25 days
1989	26 days
1990	27 days
1991	26 days
1992	18 days
1993	18 days
1994	19 days
1995	13 days
1996	21 days
1997	22 days
1998	44 days
1999	36 days
2000	33 days
2001	24 days
2002	32 days
2003	50 days
2004	37 days
2005	22 days
2006	22 days
2007	23 days
2008	26 days
2009	29 days
2010	25 days
2011	19 days
2012	33 days
2013	20 days
2014	21 days
2015	25 days
2016	38 days
2017	20 days
2018	26 days
2019	28 days
2020	17 days
2021	26 days
2022	26 days
2023	23 days
2024	33 days
2025	27 days
2026	22 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Rainfall Return Levels

117 years, 1887 to 2025

A day with at least 56.7 mm (2.2 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 121.2 mm (4.8 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Yackandandah: the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once in	A day with at least	Note
2 years	56.7 mm (2.2 in)
5 years	74.6 mm (2.9 in)
10 years	86.2 mm (3.4 in)
25 years	100.5 mm (4.0 in)
50 years	111.0 mm (4.4 in)
100 years	121.2 mm (4.8 in)

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 117 years of values from 1887 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 169.7 mm (6.7 in) in 1939; 108.5 mm (4.3 in) in 1898; 102.6 mm (4.0 in) in 2012.

Download the Data

Data for Yackandandah standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
Data for Yackandandah threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of 2026-10-12. Last revised 12 October 2026 (2026-10-12).

Month	Highest record high	Lowest record low	2026 highest maximum	2026 lowest minimum
Jan	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Feb	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mar	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Apr	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
May	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jun	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jul	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Aug	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Sep	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oct	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Nov	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Dec	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Month	Highest record high	Lowest record low	2026 highest maximum	2026 lowest minimum
Jan	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Feb	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mar	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Apr	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
May	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jun	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Jul	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Aug	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Sep	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oct	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Nov	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Dec	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a