Paulo Afonso Weather Records (BR038837530)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Paulo Afonso (BR038837530), Brazil, with 76 years of record.
Key Facts for Paulo Afonso
- Paulo Afonso (BR038837530) is a weather station in Brazil at -9.40 latitude and -38.22 longitude, 269 m (883 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1940 to 2015, 76 years of record.
- 1,446 records set at Paulo Afonso still stand.
- Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- Paulo Afonso set a daily record precipitation of 37.1 mm (1.5 in) on 24 April 2015.
About the Station
- Location: Brazil, -9.40 latitude, -38.22 longitude.
- Elevation: 269 m (883 ft).
- Period of record: 1940 to 2015, 76 years.
- Eligible elements: prcp.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 38.2 C (100.8 F) | 19.0 C (66.2 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | 38.0 C (100.4 F) | 18.0 C (64.4 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | 38.5 C (101.3 F) | 19.0 C (66.2 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | 36.4 C (97.5 F) | 19.6 C (67.3 F) | n/a | n/a |
| May | 36.4 C (97.5 F) | 15.4 C (59.7 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | 33.6 C (92.5 F) | 16.3 C (61.3 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | 34.6 C (94.3 F) | 14.6 C (58.3 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | 34.0 C (93.2 F) | 15.8 C (60.4 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | 36.6 C (97.9 F) | 16.3 C (61.3 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | 37.4 C (99.3 F) | 18.2 C (64.8 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | 38.0 C (100.4 F) | 19.4 C (66.9 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | 38.4 C (101.1 F) | 19.0 C (66.2 F) | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
1,446 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|---|
| 1974 | 35 |
| 1977 | 1 |
| 1978 | 36 |
| 1979 | 213 |
| 1980 | 5 |
| 1981 | 6 |
| 1982 | 5 |
| 1983 | 2 |
| 1984 | 5 |
| 1989 | 2 |
| 1990 | 1 |
| 1991 | 1 |
| 1992 | 1 |
| 1995 | 1 |
| 1996 | 1 |
| 1999 | 131 |
| 2000 | 134 |
| 2001 | 134 |
| 2002 | 3 |
| 2003 | 4 |
| 2004 | 2 |
| 2005 | 2 |
| 2007 | 45 |
| 2008 | 128 |
| 2009 | 147 |
| 2010 | 141 |
| 2011 | 76 |
| 2012 | 78 |
| 2013 | 56 |
| 2014 | 40 |
| 2015 | 10 |
All-Time Record Progression
1 new records| Date | Kind | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| 1979-01-15 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 169.9 mm (6.7 in) |
Wettest Day of Each Month
Jan: 169.9 mm (6.7 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 169.9 mm (6.7 in) | 15 January 1979 |
| Feb | 79.0 mm (3.1 in) | 17 February 1967 |
| Mar | 122.0 mm (4.8 in) | 17 March 1963 |
| Apr | 81.0 mm (3.2 in) | 26 April 1953 |
| May | 83.0 mm (3.3 in) | 9 May 1953 |
| Jun | 65.0 mm (2.6 in) | 5 June 1944 |
| Jul | 53.0 mm (2.1 in) | 19 July 1969 |
| Aug | 35.0 mm (1.4 in) | 3 August 1964 |
| Sep | 20.5 mm (0.8 in) | 24 September 1948 |
| Oct | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) | 26 October 2009 |
| Nov | 70.8 mm (2.8 in) | 27 November 1947 |
| Dec | 144.0 mm (5.7 in) | 22 December 2008 |
Period of Record Coverage
1974 to 2015| Year | Days with data | Share of year | Complete |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | 27 | 7% | No |
| 1977 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1978 | 28 | 8% | No |
| 1979 | 205 | 56% | No |
| 1980 | 11 | 3% | No |
| 1981 | 7 | 2% | No |
| 1982 | 5 | 1% | No |
| 1983 | 3 | 1% | No |
| 1984 | 5 | 1% | No |
| 1986 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1989 | 3 | 1% | No |
| 1990 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1991 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1992 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1994 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1995 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1996 | 1 | 0% | No |
| 1999 | 103 | 28% | No |
| 2000 | 113 | 31% | No |
| 2001 | 148 | 41% | No |
| 2002 | 4 | 1% | No |
| 2003 | 5 | 1% | No |
| 2004 | 3 | 1% | No |
| 2005 | 2 | 1% | No |
| 2007 | 39 | 11% | No |
| 2008 | 92 | 25% | No |
| 2009 | 56 | 15% | No |
| 2010 | 124 | 34% | No |
| 2011 | 64 | 18% | No |
| 2012 | 83 | 23% | No |
| 2013 | 8 | 2% | No |
| 2014 | 23 | 6% | No |
| 2015 | 2 | 1% | No |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 April 2015 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) | 18.1 mm (0.7 in) | 72 years | 41 of 100 (Notable) |
| 16 February 2015 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 15.0 mm (0.6 in) | 7.0 mm (0.28 in) | 48 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 24 October 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 1.0 mm (0.04 in) | 1.0 mm (0.04 in) | 73 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 11 October 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 2.0 mm (0.08 in) | 1.2 mm (0.05 in) | 13 years | 12 of 100 (Routine) |
| 8 October 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) | 3.1 mm (0.12 in) | 15 years | 14 of 100 (Routine) |
| 12 September 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 10.9 mm (0.4 in) | 1.9 mm (0.07 in) | 48 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 6 September 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain (Tie) | 3.0 mm (0.12 in) | tie | 71 years | 7 of 100 (Routine) |
| 8 August 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 21.1 mm (0.8 in) | 13.1 mm (0.5 in) | 57 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 7 August 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 5.1 mm (0.20 in) | 1.0 mm (0.04 in) | 0 years | 9 of 100 (Routine) |
| 28 July 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 22.1 mm (0.9 in) | 9.2 mm (0.36 in) | 53 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 4 May 2014 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 29.0 mm (1.1 in) | 15.0 mm (0.6 in) | 35 years | 36 of 100 (Notable) |
| 20 December 2013 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 26.9 mm (1.1 in) | 11.4 mm (0.4 in) | 62 years | 31 of 100 (Routine) |
| 13 October 2013 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) | 18.1 mm (0.7 in) | 4 years | 28 of 100 (Routine) |
| 7 August 2013 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) | 0.7 mm (0.03 in) | 60 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 18 May 2013 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 14.0 mm (0.6 in) | 3.0 mm (0.12 in) | 44 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 25 April 2013 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 31.0 mm (1.2 in) | 19.0 mm (0.7 in) | 46 years | 34 of 100 (Routine) |
| 19 February 2012 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) | 70 years | 67 of 100 (Major) |
| 4 November 2011 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 2.0 mm (0.08 in) | 2.0 mm (0.08 in) | 70 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 20 October 2011 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 2.0 mm (0.08 in) | 1.8 mm (0.07 in) | 64 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 19 October 2011 | Paulo Afonso, BR | daily rain | 10.9 mm (0.4 in) | 6.9 mm (0.27 in) | 62 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
Extremes by Year
1940 to 2015| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hottest day (TXx) | 38.5 C (101.3 F) | 2009 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) | 33 |
| Coldest night (TNn) | 14.6 C (58.3 F) | 1999 | 17.8 C (64.0 F) | 33 |
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 169.9 mm (6.7 in) | 1979 | 38.8 mm (1.5 in) | 63 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 189.0 mm (7.4 in) | 1979 | 85.9 mm (3.4 in) | 46 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 233 days | 1965 | 27 days | 61 |
Hottest day (TXx)
| Year | Hottest day (TXx) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | n/a |
| 1941 | n/a |
| 1942 | n/a |
| 1943 | n/a |
| 1944 | n/a |
| 1945 | n/a |
| 1946 | n/a |
| 1947 | n/a |
| 1948 | n/a |
| 1949 | n/a |
| 1950 | n/a |
| 1951 | n/a |
| 1952 | n/a |
| 1953 | n/a |
| 1954 | n/a |
| 1955 | n/a |
| 1956 | n/a |
| 1957 | n/a |
| 1958 | n/a |
| 1959 | n/a |
| 1960 | n/a |
| 1961 | n/a |
| 1962 | n/a |
| 1963 | n/a |
| 1964 | n/a |
| 1965 | n/a |
| 1966 | n/a |
| 1967 | n/a |
| 1968 | n/a |
| 1969 | n/a |
| 1970 | n/a |
| 1971 | n/a |
| 1974 | 33.0 C (91.4 F) |
| 1977 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1978 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) |
| 1979 | 38.0 C (100.4 F) |
| 1980 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) |
| 1981 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) |
| 1982 | 34.6 C (94.3 F) |
| 1983 | 33.8 C (92.8 F) |
| 1984 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) |
| 1985 | n/a |
| 1986 | 31.7 C (89.1 F) |
| 1989 | 34.0 C (93.2 F) |
| 1990 | 32.1 C (89.8 F) |
| 1991 | 29.2 C (84.6 F) |
| 1992 | 24.4 C (75.9 F) |
| 1994 | 30.6 C (87.1 F) |
| 1995 | 33.2 C (91.8 F) |
| 1996 | 35.8 C (96.4 F) |
| 1999 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 2000 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 2001 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 2002 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 2003 | 35.7 C (96.3 F) |
| 2004 | 32.1 C (89.8 F) |
| 2005 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 2007 | 37.0 C (98.6 F) |
| 2008 | 38.2 C (100.8 F) |
| 2009 | 38.5 C (101.3 F) |
| 2010 | 37.9 C (100.2 F) |
| 2011 | 38.4 C (101.1 F) |
| 2012 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 2013 | 36.2 C (97.2 F) |
| 2014 | 37.0 C (98.6 F) |
| 2015 | 36.0 C (96.8 F) |
Coldest night (TNn)
| Year | Coldest night (TNn) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | n/a |
| 1941 | n/a |
| 1942 | n/a |
| 1943 | n/a |
| 1944 | n/a |
| 1945 | n/a |
| 1946 | n/a |
| 1947 | n/a |
| 1948 | n/a |
| 1949 | n/a |
| 1950 | n/a |
| 1951 | n/a |
| 1952 | n/a |
| 1953 | n/a |
| 1954 | n/a |
| 1955 | n/a |
| 1956 | n/a |
| 1957 | n/a |
| 1958 | n/a |
| 1959 | n/a |
| 1960 | n/a |
| 1961 | n/a |
| 1962 | n/a |
| 1963 | n/a |
| 1964 | n/a |
| 1965 | n/a |
| 1966 | n/a |
| 1967 | n/a |
| 1968 | n/a |
| 1969 | n/a |
| 1970 | n/a |
| 1971 | n/a |
| 1974 | 15.0 C (59.0 F) |
| 1977 | n/a |
| 1978 | 16.0 C (60.8 F) |
| 1979 | 16.0 C (60.8 F) |
| 1980 | 17.0 C (62.6 F) |
| 1981 | 17.0 C (62.6 F) |
| 1982 | 21.0 C (69.8 F) |
| 1983 | 22.0 C (71.6 F) |
| 1984 | 20.5 C (68.9 F) |
| 1985 | 21.0 C (69.8 F) |
| 1986 | 19.8 C (67.6 F) |
| 1989 | 20.8 C (69.4 F) |
| 1990 | 20.6 C (69.1 F) |
| 1991 | 20.8 C (69.4 F) |
| 1992 | 19.6 C (67.3 F) |
| 1994 | 19.1 C (66.4 F) |
| 1995 | 22.8 C (73.0 F) |
| 1996 | 22.0 C (71.6 F) |
| 1999 | 14.6 C (58.3 F) |
| 2000 | 17.5 C (63.5 F) |
| 2001 | 15.8 C (60.4 F) |
| 2002 | 16.8 C (62.2 F) |
| 2003 | 18.6 C (65.5 F) |
| 2004 | 17.7 C (63.9 F) |
| 2005 | 19.8 C (67.6 F) |
| 2007 | 16.4 C (61.5 F) |
| 2008 | 16.3 C (61.3 F) |
| 2009 | 17.8 C (64.0 F) |
| 2010 | 16.3 C (61.3 F) |
| 2011 | 16.6 C (61.9 F) |
| 2012 | 17.2 C (63.0 F) |
| 2013 | 18.2 C (64.8 F) |
| 2014 | 16.6 C (61.9 F) |
| 2015 | 21.6 C (70.9 F) |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 27.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1941 | 70.0 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1942 | 61.5 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1943 | 35.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1944 | 94.5 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1945 | 69.0 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1946 | 30.3 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1947 | 70.8 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1948 | 26.8 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1949 | 38.8 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1950 | 27.2 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1951 | 28.1 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1952 | 37.8 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1953 | 83.0 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1954 | 47.2 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1955 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1956 | 64.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1957 | 54.5 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1958 | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1959 | 50.9 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1960 | 69.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1961 | 29.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1962 | 51.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1963 | 122.0 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1964 | 74.5 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1965 | 68.0 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1966 | 59.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1967 | 79.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1968 | 38.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1969 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1970 | 39.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1971 | 52.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1974 | 14.0 mm (0.6 in) |
| 1977 | 0.0 mm (0.00 in) |
| 1978 | 9.9 mm (0.39 in) |
| 1979 | 169.9 mm (6.7 in) |
| 1980 | 0.5 mm (0.02 in) |
| 1981 | 2.0 mm (0.08 in) |
| 1982 | 15.0 mm (0.6 in) |
| 1983 | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) |
| 1984 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1985 | 3.0 mm (0.12 in) |
| 1986 | 0.8 mm (0.03 in) |
| 1989 | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) |
| 1990 | 0.0 mm (0.00 in) |
| 1991 | 0.8 mm (0.03 in) |
| 1992 | 6.1 mm (0.24 in) |
| 1994 | 0.5 mm (0.02 in) |
| 1995 | n/a |
| 1996 | 0.0 mm (0.00 in) |
| 1999 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 2000 | 89.9 mm (3.5 in) |
| 2001 | 49.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 2002 | 0.8 mm (0.03 in) |
| 2003 | 0.0 mm (0.00 in) |
| 2004 | n/a |
| 2005 | n/a |
| 2007 | 39.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2008 | 144.0 mm (5.7 in) |
| 2009 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 2010 | 77.0 mm (3.0 in) |
| 2011 | 11.9 mm (0.5 in) |
| 2012 | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 2013 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2014 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 2015 | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 27.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1941 | 157.0 mm (6.2 in) |
| 1942 | 74.5 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1943 | 48.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1944 | 147.5 mm (5.8 in) |
| 1945 | 89.0 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1946 | 41.3 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1947 | 152.1 mm (6.0 in) |
| 1948 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1949 | 105.0 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1950 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1951 | 94.4 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1952 | 89.4 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1953 | 99.6 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1954 | 103.8 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1955 | 73.3 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1956 | 67.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1957 | 118.6 mm (4.7 in) |
| 1958 | 69.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1959 | 85.8 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1960 | 147.4 mm (5.8 in) |
| 1961 | 81.2 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1962 | 85.9 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1963 | 159.2 mm (6.3 in) |
| 1964 | 122.2 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1965 | 120.0 mm (4.7 in) |
| 1966 | 122.5 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1967 | 115.0 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1968 | 62.9 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1969 | 166.0 mm (6.5 in) |
| 1970 | 74.3 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1971 | 52.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1974 | n/a |
| 1977 | n/a |
| 1978 | 11.4 mm (0.4 in) |
| 1979 | 189.0 mm (7.4 in) |
| 1980 | n/a |
| 1981 | n/a |
| 1982 | n/a |
| 1983 | n/a |
| 1984 | n/a |
| 1985 | n/a |
| 1986 | n/a |
| 1989 | n/a |
| 1990 | n/a |
| 1991 | n/a |
| 1992 | n/a |
| 1994 | n/a |
| 1995 | n/a |
| 1996 | n/a |
| 1999 | 31.1 mm (1.2 in) |
| 2000 | 98.6 mm (3.9 in) |
| 2001 | 89.9 mm (3.5 in) |
| 2002 | n/a |
| 2003 | n/a |
| 2004 | n/a |
| 2005 | n/a |
| 2007 | 35.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 2008 | 70.4 mm (2.8 in) |
| 2009 | 89.9 mm (3.5 in) |
| 2010 | 139.7 mm (5.5 in) |
| 2011 | 23.0 mm (0.9 in) |
| 2012 | 15.8 mm (0.6 in) |
| 2013 | 59.9 mm (2.4 in) |
| 2014 | 49.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2015 | 29.9 mm (1.2 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 47 days |
| 1941 | 103 days |
| 1942 | 95 days |
| 1943 | 56 days |
| 1944 | 86 days |
| 1945 | 46 days |
| 1946 | 53 days |
| 1947 | 113 days |
| 1948 | 157 days |
| 1949 | 25 days |
| 1950 | 38 days |
| 1951 | 39 days |
| 1952 | 47 days |
| 1953 | 40 days |
| 1954 | 65 days |
| 1955 | 58 days |
| 1956 | 28 days |
| 1957 | 45 days |
| 1958 | 35 days |
| 1959 | 53 days |
| 1960 | 47 days |
| 1961 | 85 days |
| 1962 | 36 days |
| 1963 | 45 days |
| 1964 | 35 days |
| 1965 | 233 days |
| 1966 | 56 days |
| 1967 | 32 days |
| 1968 | 27 days |
| 1969 | 40 days |
| 1970 | 35 days |
| 1971 | 28 days |
| 1974 | 4 days |
| 1977 | 1 day |
| 1978 | 6 days |
| 1979 | 16 days |
| 1980 | 1 day |
| 1981 | 1 day |
| 1982 | 1 day |
| 1983 | 1 day |
| 1984 | 1 day |
| 1985 | n/a |
| 1986 | 1 day |
| 1989 | 1 day |
| 1990 | 1 day |
| 1991 | 1 day |
| 1992 | n/a |
| 1994 | 1 day |
| 1995 | n/a |
| 1996 | 1 day |
| 1999 | 2 days |
| 2000 | 4 days |
| 2001 | 4 days |
| 2002 | 1 day |
| 2003 | 1 day |
| 2004 | n/a |
| 2005 | n/a |
| 2007 | 6 days |
| 2008 | 6 days |
| 2009 | 5 days |
| 2010 | 4 days |
| 2011 | 4 days |
| 2012 | 3 days |
| 2013 | 5 days |
| 2014 | 6 days |
| 2015 | 2 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-17 (17 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).