Built 2026-10-15 (15 October 2026)

Grandes Bergeronnes Weather Records (CA007042840)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Grandes Bergeronnes (CA007042840), Quebec, Canada, with 65 years of record.

Key Facts for Grandes Bergeronnes

  • Grandes Bergeronnes (CA007042840) is a weather station in Quebec, Canada at 48.25 latitude and -69.52 longitude, 61 m (200 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1951 to 2015, 65 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Grandes Bergeronnes still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp, snow: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Grandes Bergeronnes set a daily record snowfall of 25.0 cm (9.8 in) on 22 December 1983.

About the Station

  • Location: Quebec, Canada, 48.25 latitude, -69.52 longitude.
  • Elevation: 61 m (200 ft).
  • Period of record: 1951 to 2015, 65 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp, snow.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

0 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Grandes Bergeronnes, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Grandes Bergeronnes. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. -40-2002040 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Grandes Bergeronnes. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Grandes Bergeronnes, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan7.2 C (45.0 F)-35.6 C (-32.1 F)n/an/a
Feb8.5 C (47.3 F)-33.3 C (-27.9 F)n/an/a
Mar14.4 C (57.9 F)-27.0 C (-16.6 F)n/an/a
Apr19.0 C (66.2 F)-19.4 C (-2.9 F)n/an/a
May33.3 C (91.9 F)-7.8 C (18.0 F)n/an/a
Jun32.2 C (90.0 F)-1.1 C (30.0 F)n/an/a
Jul34.4 C (93.9 F)4.4 C (39.9 F)n/an/a
Aug35.6 C (96.1 F)1.7 C (35.1 F)n/an/a
Sep28.9 C (84.0 F)-2.2 C (28.0 F)n/an/a
Oct23.9 C (75.0 F)-9.0 C (15.8 F)n/an/a
Nov18.3 C (64.9 F)-21.1 C (-6.0 F)n/an/a
Dec11.5 C (52.7 F)-33.0 C (-27.4 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Grandes Bergeronnes by the year they were set 1,464 records at Grandes Bergeronnes still stand. 1953 holds the most, with 69. 0204060801951: 191952: 281953: 691954: 511955: 341956: 501957: 501958: 251959: 331960: 291961: 331962: 381963: 551964: 481965: 541966: 541967: 441968: 531969: 431970: 371971: 331972: 541973: 391974: 481975: 371976: 571977: 401978: 461979: 631980: 441981: 511982: 561983: 49195119551959196319671971197519791983
1,464 records at Grandes Bergeronnes still stand. 1953 holds the most, with 69.
Standing records at Grandes Bergeronnes by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
195119
195228
195369
195451
195534
195650
195750
195825
195933
196029
196133
196238
196355
196448
196554
196654
196744
196853
196943
197037
197133
197254
197339
197448
197537
197657
197740
197846
197963
198044
198151
198256
198349

Wettest Day of Each Month

Aug: 125.7 mm (4.9 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Grandes Bergeronnes The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Grandes Bergeronnes. The most was 125.7 mm (4.9 in) on 11 August 1954. 050100150 Jan: 47.0 mm (1.9 in), 16 January 1959 Jan Feb: 39.4 mm (1.6 in), 12 February 1956 Feb Mar: 56.1 mm (2.2 in), 20 March 1975 Mar Apr: 80.0 mm (3.1 in), 17 April 1983 Apr May: 55.6 mm (2.2 in), 30 May 1979 May Jun: 65.3 mm (2.6 in), 6 June 1977 Jun Jul: 55.9 mm (2.2 in), 12 July 1976 Jul Aug: 125.7 mm (4.9 in), 11 August 1954 Aug Sep: 85.1 mm (3.4 in), 3 September 1957 Sep Oct: 55.9 mm (2.2 in), 24 October 1960 Oct Nov: 66.8 mm (2.6 in), 8 November 1963 Nov Dec: 56.4 mm (2.2 in), 11 December 1969 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Grandes Bergeronnes. The most was 125.7 mm (4.9 in) on 11 August 1954.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Grandes Bergeronnes
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan47.0 mm (1.9 in)16 January 1959
Feb39.4 mm (1.6 in)12 February 1956
Mar56.1 mm (2.2 in)20 March 1975
Apr80.0 mm (3.1 in)17 April 1983
May55.6 mm (2.2 in)30 May 1979
Jun65.3 mm (2.6 in)6 June 1977
Jul55.9 mm (2.2 in)12 July 1976
Aug125.7 mm (4.9 in)11 August 1954
Sep85.1 mm (3.4 in)3 September 1957
Oct55.9 mm (2.2 in)24 October 1960
Nov66.8 mm (2.6 in)8 November 1963
Dec56.4 mm (2.2 in)11 December 1969

Period of Record Coverage

1951 to 1983
Days with data per year at Grandes Bergeronnes 33 years of record at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. 6 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1951, 1952, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967. 1951: 90 of 365 days1952: 321 of 366 days1953: 357 of 365 days1954: 356 of 365 days1955: 355 of 365 days1956: 358 of 366 days1957: 356 of 365 days1958: 305 of 365 days1959: 356 of 365 days1960: 357 of 366 days1961: 362 of 365 days1962: 269 of 365 days1963: 328 of 365 days1964: 334 of 366 days1965: 346 of 365 days1966: 359 of 365 days1967: 301 of 365 days1968: 365 of 366 days1969: 363 of 365 days1970: 362 of 365 days1971: 363 of 365 days1972: 363 of 366 days1973: 364 of 365 days1974: 359 of 365 days1975: 338 of 365 days1976: 366 of 366 days1977: 353 of 365 days1978: 353 of 365 days1979: 364 of 365 days1980: 360 of 366 days1981: 364 of 365 days1982: 365 of 365 days1983: 364 of 365 days195519601965197019751980
33 years of record at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. 6 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1951, 1952, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967.
Days with data per year at Grandes Bergeronnes
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
19519025%No
195232188%No
195335798%Yes
195435698%Yes
195535597%Yes
195635898%Yes
195735698%Yes
195830584%No
195935698%Yes
196035798%Yes
196136299%Yes
196226974%No
196332890%No
196433491%Yes
196534695%Yes
196635998%Yes
196730182%No
1968365100%Yes
196936399%Yes
197036299%Yes
197136399%Yes
197236399%Yes
1973364100%Yes
197435998%Yes
197533893%Yes
1976366100%Yes
197735397%Yes
197835397%Yes
1979364100%Yes
198036098%Yes
1981364100%Yes
1982365100%Yes
1983364100%Yes

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Grandes Bergeronnes
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
22 December 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily snowfall25.0 cm (9.8 in)13.3 cm (5.2 in)16 years25 of 100 (Routine)
22 December 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily rain25.0 mm (1.0 in)13.3 mm (0.5 in)16 years23 of 100 (Routine)
15 December 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high min-4.0 C (24.8 F)2.7 C (4.9 F)30 years15 of 100 (Routine)
6 December 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily snowfall25.0 cm (9.8 in)13.6 cm (5.4 in)26 years29 of 100 (Routine)
29 November 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily snowfall17.0 cm (6.7 in)8.1 cm (3.2 in)25 years23 of 100 (Routine)
13 November 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily low max-3.0 C (26.6 F)0.8 C (1.4 F)20 years10 of 100 (Routine)
11 November 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily snowfall4.0 cm (1.6 in)2.5 cm (1.0 in)20 years13 of 100 (Routine)
10 November 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily snowfall12.0 cm (4.7 in)2.1 cm (0.8 in)4 years7 of 100 (Routine)
14 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high min9.5 C (49.1 F)2.8 C (5.0 F)28 years19 of 100 (Routine)
13 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high min9.0 C (48.2 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)21 years9 of 100 (Routine)
13 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high max18.0 C (64.4 F)0.8 C (1.4 F)12 years7 of 100 (Routine)
3 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAmonthly high min10.5 C (50.9 F)0.5 C (0.9 F)23 years21 of 100 (Routine)
3 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high max18.0 C (64.4 F)0.8 C (1.4 F)14 years8 of 100 (Routine)
2 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAmonthly high min (Tie)10.0 C (50.0 F)tie23 years5 of 100 (Routine)
2 October 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high max (Tie)19.0 C (66.2 F)tie2 years0 of 100 (Routine)
28 September 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high max17.0 C (62.6 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)26 years11 of 100 (Routine)
21 September 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily rain25.2 mm (1.0 in)6.1 mm (0.24 in)25 years15 of 100 (Routine)
17 September 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily rain17.0 mm (0.7 in)6.1 mm (0.24 in)26 years16 of 100 (Routine)
11 September 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high max23.5 C (74.3 F)0.2 C (0.4 F)21 years9 of 100 (Routine)
10 September 1983Grandes Bergeronnes, CAdaily high min12.5 C (54.5 F)1.4 C (2.5 F)24 years14 of 100 (Routine)

Climate Trend

23 complete years, 1953 to 1983
Annual mean temperature at Grandes Bergeronnes as warming stripes, 1953 to 1983 One stripe for each of 23 complete years at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1953 to 1983. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 2.8 C (37.0 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1972, at 1.1 C (34.0 F), and the warmest was 1981, at 3.9 C (38.9 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.7 C (3.1 F). 1953: 3.7 C, +0.9 C from the station mean1954: 2.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1955: 2.9 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1956: 2.2 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1957: 2.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1959: 2.5 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1960: 3.3 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1961: 3.1 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1966: 3.7 C, +0.9 C from the station mean1968: 2.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1969: 3.3 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1970: 2.7 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1971: 2.6 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1972: 1.1 C, -1.7 C from the station mean1973: 3.3 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1974: 2.2 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1975: 3.0 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1976: 1.8 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1979: 3.2 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1980: 2.2 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1981: 3.9 C, +1.1 C from the station mean1982: 2.0 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1983: 3.4 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1953195519601965197019751980
One stripe for each of 23 complete years at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1953 to 1983. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 2.8 C (37.0 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1972, at 1.1 C (34.0 F), and the warmest was 1981, at 3.9 C (38.9 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.7 C (3.1 F).
Annual mean temperature at Grandes Bergeronnes as warming stripes, 1953 to 1983
YearAnnual mean temperatureDifference from the station mean
19533.7 C+0.89 C
19542.8 C-0.01 C
19552.9 C+0.13 C
19562.2 C-0.58 C
19572.8 C-0.02 C
19592.5 C-0.28 C
19603.3 C+0.46 C
19613.1 C+0.25 C
19663.7 C+0.86 C
19682.8 C-0.04 C
19693.3 C+0.51 C
19702.7 C-0.12 C
19712.6 C-0.20 C
19721.1 C-1.69 C
19733.3 C+0.50 C
19742.2 C-0.62 C
19753.0 C+0.20 C
19761.8 C-1.01 C
19793.2 C+0.37 C
19802.2 C-0.59 C
19813.9 C+1.06 C
19822.0 C-0.76 C
19833.4 C+0.62 C

This station does not have enough complete years (30 are needed) to fit a temperature trend.

A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.

Extremes by Year

1951 to 1983
Yearly extremes at Grandes Bergeronnes: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)35.6 C (96.1 F)197529.4 C (84.9 F)33
Coldest night (TNn)-35.6 C (-32.1 F)1957-31.1 C (-24.0 F)33
Wettest day (Rx1day)125.7 mm (4.9 in)195453.3 mm (2.1 in)33
Wettest five days (Rx5day)135.1 mm (5.3 in)195477.2 mm (3.0 in)33
Longest dry spell (CDD)36 days195617 days33

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year The hottest day of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 35.6 C (96.1 F) in 1975, marked on the chart; the median year is 29.4 C (84.9 F). 2527.53032.53537.5196019701980Record: 35.6 C (96.1 F) in 1975
The hottest day of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 35.6 C (96.1 F) in 1975, marked on the chart; the median year is 29.4 C (84.9 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
195125.6 C (78.1 F)
195231.1 C (88.0 F)
195332.2 C (90.0 F)
195428.9 C (84.0 F)
195533.3 C (91.9 F)
195626.7 C (80.1 F)
195727.8 C (82.0 F)
195827.8 C (82.0 F)
195930.6 C (87.1 F)
196031.1 C (88.0 F)
196126.7 C (80.1 F)
196228.9 C (84.0 F)
196334.4 C (93.9 F)
196426.7 C (80.1 F)
196531.1 C (88.0 F)
196628.9 C (84.0 F)
196727.8 C (82.0 F)
196832.2 C (90.0 F)
196929.4 C (84.9 F)
197031.1 C (88.0 F)
197129.4 C (84.9 F)
197229.4 C (84.9 F)
197332.8 C (91.0 F)
197431.1 C (88.0 F)
197535.6 C (96.1 F)
197628.9 C (84.0 F)
197733.3 C (91.9 F)
197828.3 C (82.9 F)
197929.4 C (84.9 F)
198028.0 C (82.4 F)
198129.0 C (84.2 F)
198228.0 C (82.4 F)
198331.0 C (87.8 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year The coldest night of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is -35.6 C (-32.1 F) in 1957, marked on the chart; the median year is -31.1 C (-24.0 F). -40-30-20-100196019701980Record: -35.6 C (-32.1 F) in 1957
The coldest night of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is -35.6 C (-32.1 F) in 1957, marked on the chart; the median year is -31.1 C (-24.0 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1951-8.9 C (16.0 F)
1952-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
1953-28.9 C (-20.0 F)
1954-32.2 C (-26.0 F)
1955-33.3 C (-27.9 F)
1956-27.8 C (-18.0 F)
1957-35.6 C (-32.1 F)
1958-26.7 C (-16.1 F)
1959-30.0 C (-22.0 F)
1960-28.9 C (-20.0 F)
1961-27.8 C (-18.0 F)
1962-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1963-30.0 C (-22.0 F)
1964-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1965-32.2 C (-26.0 F)
1966-30.6 C (-23.1 F)
1967-32.8 C (-27.0 F)
1968-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1969-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1970-28.3 C (-18.9 F)
1971-31.7 C (-25.1 F)
1972-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1973-31.7 C (-25.1 F)
1974-31.7 C (-25.1 F)
1975-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1976-28.3 C (-18.9 F)
1977-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1978-29.4 C (-20.9 F)
1979-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1980-33.0 C (-27.4 F)
1981-33.0 C (-27.4 F)
1982-34.5 C (-30.1 F)
1983-29.5 C (-21.1 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year The wettest day of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 125.7 mm (4.9 in) in 1954, marked on the chart; the median year is 53.3 mm (2.1 in). 255075100125150196019701980Record: 125.7 mm (4.9 in) in 1954
The wettest day of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 125.7 mm (4.9 in) in 1954, marked on the chart; the median year is 53.3 mm (2.1 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
195139.4 mm (1.6 in)
195253.3 mm (2.1 in)
195352.1 mm (2.1 in)
1954125.7 mm (4.9 in)
195562.0 mm (2.4 in)
195639.4 mm (1.6 in)
195785.1 mm (3.4 in)
195874.9 mm (2.9 in)
195947.0 mm (1.9 in)
196084.6 mm (3.3 in)
196152.1 mm (2.1 in)
196247.2 mm (1.9 in)
196366.8 mm (2.6 in)
196443.2 mm (1.7 in)
196535.6 mm (1.4 in)
196649.5 mm (1.9 in)
196765.3 mm (2.6 in)
196842.7 mm (1.7 in)
196956.4 mm (2.2 in)
197054.1 mm (2.1 in)
197144.7 mm (1.8 in)
197244.2 mm (1.7 in)
197353.3 mm (2.1 in)
197434.3 mm (1.4 in)
197556.1 mm (2.2 in)
197657.7 mm (2.3 in)
197765.3 mm (2.6 in)
197849.0 mm (1.9 in)
197955.6 mm (2.2 in)
198043.3 mm (1.7 in)
198169.8 mm (2.7 in)
198231.6 mm (1.2 in)
198380.0 mm (3.1 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year The wettest five days of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 135.1 mm (5.3 in) in 1954, marked on the chart; the median year is 77.2 mm (3.0 in). 5075100125150196019701980Record: 135.1 mm (5.3 in) in 1954
The wettest five days of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 135.1 mm (5.3 in) in 1954, marked on the chart; the median year is 77.2 mm (3.0 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
195164.8 mm (2.6 in)
195276.6 mm (3.0 in)
195396.6 mm (3.8 in)
1954135.1 mm (5.3 in)
195590.2 mm (3.6 in)
195654.9 mm (2.2 in)
195786.4 mm (3.4 in)
1958106.2 mm (4.2 in)
195970.6 mm (2.8 in)
196099.3 mm (3.9 in)
196173.7 mm (2.9 in)
196263.5 mm (2.5 in)
1963119.8 mm (4.7 in)
196468.7 mm (2.7 in)
196558.2 mm (2.3 in)
196681.0 mm (3.2 in)
196777.2 mm (3.0 in)
196850.6 mm (2.0 in)
1969110.8 mm (4.4 in)
197074.4 mm (2.9 in)
197168.5 mm (2.7 in)
197286.1 mm (3.4 in)
197391.4 mm (3.6 in)
197459.9 mm (2.4 in)
197568.8 mm (2.7 in)
197698.1 mm (3.9 in)
1977124.3 mm (4.9 in)
197856.4 mm (2.2 in)
1979116.2 mm (4.6 in)
198066.9 mm (2.6 in)
1981111.0 mm (4.4 in)
198274.5 mm (2.9 in)
1983129.4 mm (5.1 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year The longest dry spell of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 36 days in 1956, marked on the chart; the median year is 17 days. 10203040196019701980Record: 36 days in 1956
The longest dry spell of the year at Grandes Bergeronnes, 1951 to 1983. The record is 36 days in 1956, marked on the chart; the median year is 17 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Grandes Bergeronnes by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
195114 days
195224 days
195317 days
195413 days
195519 days
195636 days
195719 days
195815 days
195932 days
196015 days
196122 days
196222 days
196317 days
196415 days
196522 days
196610 days
196720 days
196818 days
196918 days
197018 days
197111 days
197214 days
197312 days
197415 days
197516 days
197621 days
197713 days
197813 days
197924 days
198027 days
198110 days
198211 days
198310 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Frost Dates and Growing Season

23 years with a frost

Across 23 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Grandes Bergeronnes falls on 13 May and the median first autumn frost on 3 October, which leaves a median of 139 days between them.

Frost dates and growing season at Grandes Bergeronnes
MeasureMedian, all yearsEarliest periodRecent period (1953 to 1983)Recent against earliestFitted trend
Last spring frost13 Mayn/a13 Mayn/an/a
First autumn frost3 Octobern/a3 Octobern/an/a
Growing days139 daysn/a139 daysn/an/a

A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.

Download the Data

  • Data for Grandes Bergeronnes standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Grandes Bergeronnes threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-14).