Built 2026-10-18 (18 October 2026)

Seoul City Weather Records (KSM00047108)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Seoul City (KSM00047108), Korea, South, with 53 years of record.

Key Facts for Seoul City

  • Seoul City (KSM00047108) is a weather station in Korea, South at 37.57 latitude and 126.97 longitude, 87 m (285 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1973 to 2025, 53 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Seoul City still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, tmin: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Seoul City set a daily record high minimum temperature of 26.9 C (80.4 F) on 24 August 2025.

About the Station

  • Location: Korea, South, 37.57 latitude, 126.97 longitude.
  • Elevation: 87 m (285 ft).
  • Period of record: 1973 to 2025, 53 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, tmin.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

2 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Seoul City, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Seoul City. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 2 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. -2002040 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Seoul City. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 2 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Seoul City, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan13.5 C (56.3 F)-19.2 C (-2.6 F)7.7 C (45.9 F)-12.2 C (10.0 F)
Feb18.7 C (65.7 F)-17.1 C (1.2 F)n/a-11.8 C (10.8 F)
Mar23.8 C (74.8 F)-15.3 C (4.5 F)n/a-1.9 C (28.6 F)
Apr29.8 C (85.6 F)-9.4 C (15.1 F)n/a1.1 C (34.0 F)
May33.3 C (91.9 F)-2.1 C (28.2 F)27.0 C (80.6 F)8.2 C (46.8 F)
Jun35.0 C (95.0 F)7.0 C (44.6 F)30.2 C (86.4 F)15.2 C (59.4 F)
Jul38.4 C (101.1 F)10.9 C (51.6 F)n/a21.5 C (70.7 F)
Aug38.1 C (100.6 F)12.5 C (54.5 F)34.3 C (93.7 F)21.0 C (69.8 F)
Sep36.0 C (96.8 F)3.9 C (39.0 F)n/an/a
Oct29.0 C (84.2 F)-2.0 C (28.4 F)n/an/a
Nov28.0 C (82.4 F)-11.0 C (12.2 F)n/an/a
Dec15.9 C (60.6 F)-18.0 C (-0.4 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Seoul City by the year they were set 1,464 records at Seoul City still stand. 1977 holds the most, with 51. 02040601973: 291974: 371975: 221976: 461977: 511978: 231979: 371980: 481981: 341982: 181983: 261984: 271985: 321986: 251987: 311988: 161989: 241990: 341991: 181992: 261993: 321994: 441995: 181996: 201997: 291998: 341999: 392000: 192001: 222002: 362003: 232004: 312005: 132006: 272007: 262008: 312009: 392010: 372011: 252012: 242013: 292014: 252015: 252016: 412017: 102018: 142019: 92020: 172021: 202022: 282023: 192024: 302025: 24197319791985199119972003200920152021
1,464 records at Seoul City still stand. 1977 holds the most, with 51.
Standing records at Seoul City by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
197329
197437
197522
197646
197751
197823
197937
198048
198134
198218
198326
198427
198532
198625
198731
198816
198924
199034
199118
199226
199332
199444
199518
199620
199729
199834
199939
200019
200122
200236
200323
200431
200513
200627
200726
200831
200939
201037
201125
201224
201329
201425
201525
201641
201710
201814
20199
202017
202120
202228
202319
202430
202524

All-Time Record Progression

1 new records
When Seoul City set new all-time records 1 all-time records were set at Seoul City between 2 August 2018 and 2 August 2018. Each dot is a new record. Record high minimum temperature2 August 2018: Record high minimum temperature 30.3 C (86.5 F)
1 all-time records were set at Seoul City between 2 August 2018 and 2 August 2018. Each dot is a new record.
When Seoul City set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
2018-08-02Record high minimum temperatureRecord high minimum temperature 30.3 C (86.5 F)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Jul: 340.1 mm (13.4 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Seoul City The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Seoul City. The most was 340.1 mm (13.4 in) on 16 July 2022. 0100200300400 Jan: 50.0 mm (2.0 in), 15 January 1982 Jan Feb: 47.0 mm (1.9 in), 1 February 2013 Feb Mar: 94.0 mm (3.7 in), 3 March 1989 Mar Apr: 72.9 mm (2.9 in), 30 April 2011 Apr May: 103.9 mm (4.1 in), 7 May 1992 May Jun: 225.0 mm (8.9 in), 23 June 2014 Jun Jul: 340.1 mm (13.4 in), 16 July 2022 Jul Aug: 312.9 mm (12.3 in), 7 August 1992 Aug Sep: 272.0 mm (10.7 in), 11 September 1990 Sep Oct: 100.1 mm (3.9 in), 10 October 1985 Oct Nov: 89.9 mm (3.5 in), 19 November 2020 Nov Dec: 46.5 mm (1.8 in), 22 December 2016 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Seoul City. The most was 340.1 mm (13.4 in) on 16 July 2022.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Seoul City
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan50.0 mm (2.0 in)15 January 1982
Feb47.0 mm (1.9 in)1 February 2013
Mar94.0 mm (3.7 in)3 March 1989
Apr72.9 mm (2.9 in)30 April 2011
May103.9 mm (4.1 in)7 May 1992
Jun225.0 mm (8.9 in)23 June 2014
Jul340.1 mm (13.4 in)16 July 2022
Aug312.9 mm (12.3 in)7 August 1992
Sep272.0 mm (10.7 in)11 September 1990
Oct100.1 mm (3.9 in)10 October 1985
Nov89.9 mm (3.5 in)19 November 2020
Dec46.5 mm (1.8 in)22 December 2016

Period of Record Coverage

1973 to 2025
Days with data per year at Seoul City 51 years of record at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. 14 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1973, 1974, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2016, 2017 and others. 1973: 326 of 365 days1974: 327 of 365 days1975: 343 of 365 days1976: 337 of 366 days1977: 352 of 365 days1978: 351 of 365 days1979: 356 of 365 days1980: 359 of 366 days1981: 355 of 365 days1982: 350 of 365 days1983: 352 of 365 days1984: 335 of 366 days1985: 349 of 365 days1986: 355 of 365 days1987: 348 of 365 days1988: 352 of 366 days1989: 343 of 365 days1990: 356 of 365 days1991: 348 of 365 days1992: 355 of 366 days1993: 353 of 365 days1994: 355 of 365 days1995: 360 of 365 days1996: 354 of 366 days1997: 354 of 365 days1998: 355 of 365 days1999: 348 of 365 days2000: 350 of 366 days2001: 349 of 365 days2002: 331 of 365 days2003: 310 of 365 days2004: 323 of 366 days2005: 330 of 365 days2006: 312 of 365 days2007: 320 of 365 days2008: 361 of 366 days2009: 363 of 365 days2010: 361 of 365 days2011: 363 of 365 days2012: 365 of 366 days2013: 360 of 365 days2014: 362 of 365 days2015: 356 of 365 days2016: 312 of 366 days2017: 2 of 365 days2018: 11 of 365 days2021: 3 of 365 days2022: 151 of 365 days2023: 14 of 365 days2024: 17 of 366 days2025: 7 of 365 days1980199020002010
51 years of record at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. 14 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1973, 1974, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2016, 2017 and others.
Days with data per year at Seoul City
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
197332689%No
197432790%No
197534394%Yes
197633792%Yes
197735296%Yes
197835196%Yes
197935698%Yes
198035998%Yes
198135597%Yes
198235096%Yes
198335296%Yes
198433592%Yes
198534996%Yes
198635597%Yes
198734895%Yes
198835296%Yes
198934394%Yes
199035698%Yes
199134895%Yes
199235597%Yes
199335397%Yes
199435597%Yes
199536099%Yes
199635497%Yes
199735497%Yes
199835597%Yes
199934895%Yes
200035096%Yes
200134996%Yes
200233191%Yes
200331085%No
200432388%No
200533090%Yes
200631285%No
200732088%No
200836199%Yes
200936399%Yes
201036199%Yes
201136399%Yes
2012365100%Yes
201336099%Yes
201436299%Yes
201535698%Yes
201631285%No
201721%No
2018113%No
202131%No
202215141%No
2023144%No
2024175%No
202572%No

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Seoul City
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
24 August 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.9 C (80.4 F)1.6 C (2.9 F)40 years23 of 100 (Routine)
22 August 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.1 C (79.0 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)8 years8 of 100 (Routine)
19 August 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.9 C (80.4 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)0 years7 of 100 (Routine)
30 July 2025Seoul City, KRmonthly high min (Tie)28.3 C (82.9 F)tie0 years3 of 100 (Routine)
29 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min27.6 C (81.7 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)3 years6 of 100 (Routine)
27 July 2025Seoul City, KRmonthly high min28.3 C (82.9 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)31 years25 of 100 (Routine)
26 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min27.6 C (81.7 F)0.2 C (0.4 F)4 years6 of 100 (Routine)
12 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min24.4 C (75.9 F)0.4 C (0.7 F)52 years21 of 100 (Routine)
8 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.9 C (80.4 F)2.3 C (4.1 F)8 years16 of 100 (Routine)
7 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.7 C (80.1 F)1.2 C (2.2 F)27 years18 of 100 (Routine)
6 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.3 C (79.3 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)3 years5 of 100 (Routine)
5 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.0 C (78.8 F)2.7 C (4.9 F)8 years18 of 100 (Routine)
2 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.8 C (80.2 F)2.4 C (4.3 F)24 years22 of 100 (Routine)
1 July 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min26.2 C (79.2 F)2.9 C (5.2 F)2 years17 of 100 (Routine)
30 June 2025Seoul City, KRmonthly high min25.6 C (78.1 F)0.2 C (0.4 F)3 years15 of 100 (Routine)
29 June 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min24.9 C (76.8 F)1.9 C (3.4 F)48 years26 of 100 (Routine)
28 June 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min24.5 C (76.1 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)2 years6 of 100 (Routine)
17 June 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min21.1 C (70.0 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)44 years18 of 100 (Routine)
15 June 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min21.7 C (71.1 F)1.1 C (2.0 F)28 years17 of 100 (Routine)
15 May 2025Seoul City, KRdaily high min16.9 C (62.4 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)27 years13 of 100 (Routine)

Extremes by Year

1973 to 2025
Yearly extremes at Seoul City: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)38.4 C (101.1 F)199435.0 C (95.0 F)51
Coldest night (TNn)-19.2 C (-2.6 F)1986-15.0 C (5.0 F)53
Wettest day (Rx1day)340.1 mm (13.4 in)2022128.0 mm (5.0 in)53
Wettest five days (Rx5day)624.9 mm (24.6 in)2011185.5 mm (7.3 in)46
Longest dry spell (CDD)51 days19994 days53

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Seoul City by year The hottest day of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 38.4 C (101.1 F) in 1994, marked on the chart; the median year is 35.0 C (95.0 F). 27.53032.53537.54019801990200020102020Record: 38.4 C (101.1 F) in 1994
The hottest day of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 38.4 C (101.1 F) in 1994, marked on the chart; the median year is 35.0 C (95.0 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Seoul City by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
197335.0 C (95.0 F)
197434.0 C (93.2 F)
197536.0 C (96.8 F)
197635.0 C (95.0 F)
197735.0 C (95.0 F)
197836.0 C (96.8 F)
197933.0 C (91.4 F)
198032.0 C (89.6 F)
198135.0 C (95.0 F)
198235.5 C (95.9 F)
198334.4 C (93.9 F)
198435.2 C (95.4 F)
198535.4 C (95.7 F)
198632.8 C (91.0 F)
198731.6 C (88.9 F)
198836.6 C (97.9 F)
198935.3 C (95.5 F)
199035.5 C (95.9 F)
199134.7 C (94.5 F)
199232.8 C (91.0 F)
199331.9 C (89.4 F)
199438.4 C (101.1 F)
199533.7 C (92.7 F)
199635.4 C (95.7 F)
199736.1 C (97.0 F)
199832.8 C (91.0 F)
199935.4 C (95.7 F)
200035.1 C (95.2 F)
200138.1 C (100.6 F)
200234.8 C (94.6 F)
200332.2 C (90.0 F)
200436.2 C (97.2 F)
200535.0 C (95.0 F)
200634.7 C (94.5 F)
200733.2 C (91.8 F)
200835.4 C (95.7 F)
200934.4 C (93.9 F)
201033.8 C (92.8 F)
201134.1 C (93.4 F)
201236.7 C (98.1 F)
201333.9 C (93.0 F)
201435.8 C (96.4 F)
201536.0 C (96.8 F)
201636.6 C (97.9 F)
201730.9 C (87.6 F)
201831.8 C (89.2 F)
2019n/a
2020n/a
202131.6 C (88.9 F)
202235.1 C (95.2 F)
202333.1 C (91.6 F)
202428.5 C (83.3 F)
202534.3 C (93.7 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Seoul City by year The coldest night of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is -19.2 C (-2.6 F) in 1986, marked on the chart; the median year is -15.0 C (5.0 F). -20-15-10-519801990200020102020Record: -19.2 C (-2.6 F) in 1986
The coldest night of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is -19.2 C (-2.6 F) in 1986, marked on the chart; the median year is -15.0 C (5.0 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Seoul City by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1973-17.0 C (1.4 F)
1974-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1975-12.0 C (10.4 F)
1976-18.0 C (-0.4 F)
1977-17.0 C (1.4 F)
1978-16.0 C (3.2 F)
1979-13.0 C (8.6 F)
1980-16.0 C (3.2 F)
1981-16.0 C (3.2 F)
1982-14.1 C (6.6 F)
1983-17.1 C (1.2 F)
1984-15.1 C (4.8 F)
1985-16.7 C (1.9 F)
1986-19.2 C (-2.6 F)
1987-15.1 C (4.8 F)
1988-12.9 C (8.8 F)
1989-11.2 C (11.8 F)
1990-17.1 C (1.2 F)
1991-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1992-9.7 C (14.5 F)
1993-11.2 C (11.8 F)
1994-12.6 C (9.3 F)
1995-11.1 C (12.0 F)
1996-13.8 C (7.2 F)
1997-13.7 C (7.3 F)
1998-15.4 C (4.3 F)
1999-12.3 C (9.9 F)
2000-11.7 C (10.9 F)
2001-18.6 C (-1.5 F)
2002-12.0 C (10.4 F)
2003-15.5 C (4.1 F)
2004-16.7 C (1.9 F)
2005-14.0 C (6.8 F)
2006-16.6 C (2.1 F)
2007-8.6 C (16.5 F)
2008-13.1 C (8.4 F)
2009-12.9 C (8.8 F)
2010-15.3 C (4.5 F)
2011-17.8 C (0.0 F)
2012-17.1 C (1.2 F)
2013-16.4 C (2.5 F)
2014-13.2 C (8.2 F)
2015-13.0 C (8.6 F)
2016-18.0 C (-0.4 F)
2017-12.6 C (9.3 F)
2018-17.8 C (0.0 F)
2019-10.9 C (12.4 F)
2020-12.9 C (8.8 F)
2021-18.6 C (-1.5 F)
2022-13.7 C (7.3 F)
2023-17.3 C (0.9 F)
2024-14.0 C (6.8 F)
2025-12.2 C (10.0 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Seoul City by year The wettest day of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 340.1 mm (13.4 in) in 2022, marked on the chart; the median year is 128.0 mm (5.0 in). 010020030040019801990200020102020Record: 340.1 mm (13.4 in) in 2022
The wettest day of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 340.1 mm (13.4 in) in 2022, marked on the chart; the median year is 128.0 mm (5.0 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Seoul City by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
197322.1 mm (0.9 in)
19740.5 mm (0.02 in)
19750.8 mm (0.03 in)
19760.5 mm (0.02 in)
19770.5 mm (0.02 in)
19780.5 mm (0.02 in)
19790.5 mm (0.02 in)
19800.5 mm (0.02 in)
19810.8 mm (0.03 in)
1982106.9 mm (4.2 in)
1983127.0 mm (5.0 in)
1984267.0 mm (10.5 in)
1985185.9 mm (7.3 in)
1986148.1 mm (5.8 in)
1987336.0 mm (13.2 in)
1988103.1 mm (4.1 in)
1989103.1 mm (4.1 in)
1990272.0 mm (10.7 in)
1991142.0 mm (5.6 in)
1992323.1 mm (12.7 in)
199390.9 mm (3.6 in)
1994102.1 mm (4.0 in)
1995134.1 mm (5.3 in)
1996167.9 mm (6.6 in)
1997128.0 mm (5.0 in)
1998240.0 mm (9.4 in)
1999242.1 mm (9.5 in)
2000124.2 mm (4.9 in)
2001289.8 mm (11.4 in)
2002204.0 mm (8.0 in)
2003178.1 mm (7.0 in)
2004111.5 mm (4.4 in)
2005115.1 mm (4.5 in)
2006287.0 mm (11.3 in)
200779.0 mm (3.1 in)
2008133.9 mm (5.3 in)
2009191.0 mm (7.5 in)
2010259.1 mm (10.2 in)
2011296.9 mm (11.7 in)
2012141.0 mm (5.6 in)
2013181.1 mm (7.1 in)
2014225.0 mm (8.9 in)
201581.0 mm (3.2 in)
2016119.1 mm (4.7 in)
2017142.0 mm (5.6 in)
201897.0 mm (3.8 in)
201949.5 mm (1.9 in)
2020137.9 mm (5.4 in)
202178.5 mm (3.1 in)
2022340.1 mm (13.4 in)
202352.3 mm (2.1 in)
2024138.7 mm (5.5 in)
20259.4 mm (0.37 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Seoul City by year The wettest five days of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 624.9 mm (24.6 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 185.5 mm (7.3 in). 020040060080019801990200020102020Record: 624.9 mm (24.6 in) in 2011
The wettest five days of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 624.9 mm (24.6 in) in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 185.5 mm (7.3 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Seoul City by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
197326.9 mm (1.1 in)
19741.1 mm (0.04 in)
19751.1 mm (0.04 in)
19760.8 mm (0.03 in)
19770.5 mm (0.02 in)
19780.5 mm (0.02 in)
19790.5 mm (0.02 in)
1980n/a
1981n/a
1982n/a
1983n/a
1984340.7 mm (13.4 in)
198540.9 mm (1.6 in)
1986n/a
1987n/a
1988118.8 mm (4.7 in)
198921.4 mm (0.8 in)
1990219.1 mm (8.6 in)
199126.0 mm (1.0 in)
1992496.1 mm (19.5 in)
1993192.0 mm (7.6 in)
1994156.9 mm (6.2 in)
1995429.0 mm (16.9 in)
1996396.2 mm (15.6 in)
1997179.3 mm (7.1 in)
1998488.0 mm (19.2 in)
1999551.2 mm (21.7 in)
2000252.3 mm (9.9 in)
2001324.3 mm (12.8 in)
2002478.1 mm (18.8 in)
2003327.6 mm (12.9 in)
2004218.4 mm (8.6 in)
2005174.7 mm (6.9 in)
2006550.9 mm (21.7 in)
2007142.4 mm (5.6 in)
2008191.6 mm (7.5 in)
200934.5 mm (1.4 in)
2010270.3 mm (10.6 in)
2011624.9 mm (24.6 in)
2012222.3 mm (8.8 in)
2013281.5 mm (11.1 in)
2014235.9 mm (9.3 in)
2015166.9 mm (6.6 in)
201650.3 mm (2.0 in)
2017233.2 mm (9.2 in)
2018169.6 mm (6.7 in)
2019115.9 mm (4.6 in)
2020268.8 mm (10.6 in)
202180.8 mm (3.2 in)
202242.2 mm (1.7 in)
202390.2 mm (3.6 in)
2024267.2 mm (10.5 in)
2025n/a

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Seoul City by year The longest dry spell of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 51 days in 1999, marked on the chart; the median year is 4 days. 020406019801990200020102020Record: 51 days in 1999
The longest dry spell of the year at Seoul City, 1973 to 2025. The record is 51 days in 1999, marked on the chart; the median year is 4 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Seoul City by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
197311 days
197416 days
197527 days
197611 days
197727 days
197819 days
197919 days
19801 day
19811 day
19822 days
19831 day
19842 days
19852 days
19861 day
19871 day
19881 day
19892 days
19902 days
19914 days
19923 days
19939 days
19944 days
19956 days
19963 days
19973 days
19983 days
199951 days
20006 days
20012 days
20024 days
20036 days
20045 days
20056 days
20065 days
20075 days
20083 days
20093 days
20103 days
20114 days
20124 days
20132 days
20143 days
20153 days
20164 days
20173 days
20184 days
20193 days
20204 days
20214 days
20224 days
20234 days
20244 days
20251 day

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Download the Data

  • Data for Seoul City standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Seoul City threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-16 (16 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).