Record highRecord low2026 daily maximum2026 daily minimum
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Santo Tomas. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 0 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Santo Tomas, with 2026 drawn through them
Month
Highest record high
Lowest record low
2026 highest maximum
2026 lowest minimum
Jan
35.0 C (95.0 F)
-9.4 C (15.1 F)
n/a
n/a
Feb
35.6 C (96.1 F)
-6.1 C (21.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Mar
40.6 C (105.1 F)
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
n/a
n/a
Apr
45.6 C (114.1 F)
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
n/a
n/a
May
47.8 C (118.0 F)
0.6 C (33.1 F)
n/a
n/a
Jun
51.7 C (125.1 F)
0.6 C (33.1 F)
n/a
n/a
Jul
48.9 C (120.0 F)
0.6 C (33.1 F)
n/a
n/a
Aug
45.6 C (114.1 F)
2.8 C (37.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Sep
48.9 C (120.0 F)
0.0 C (32.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Oct
47.8 C (118.0 F)
0.0 C (32.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Nov
40.6 C (105.1 F)
-7.2 C (19.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Dec
38.9 C (102.0 F)
-7.2 C (19.0 F)
n/a
n/a
Which Years Hold Standing Records
1,464 standing records
Year with most
1,464 records at Santo Tomas still stand. 1963 holds the most, with 107.
Standing records at Santo Tomas by the year they were set
Year set
Standing records
1948
9
1949
26
1950
35
1951
21
1952
13
1953
39
1954
26
1955
30
1956
24
1957
31
1958
21
1959
21
1960
28
1961
10
1962
25
1963
107
1964
83
1965
28
1966
22
1967
33
1968
10
1969
16
1970
16
1971
32
1972
26
1973
12
1974
18
1975
27
1976
24
1977
30
1978
26
1979
13
1980
30
1981
23
1982
23
1983
13
1984
13
1985
9
1986
17
1987
25
1988
12
1989
17
1990
8
1991
11
1992
8
1993
2
1994
9
1995
12
1996
8
1997
39
1998
8
1999
9
2000
10
2001
4
2002
9
2003
18
2004
31
2005
17
2006
11
2007
21
2008
84
2009
48
2010
18
2011
2
2012
13
All-Time Record Progression
8 new records
8 all-time records were set at Santo Tomas between 24 June 1978 and 27 June 2008. Each dot is a new record.
When Santo Tomas set new all-time records
Date
Kind
Detail
1978-06-24
Record high minimum temperature
Record high minimum temperature 26.7 C (80.1 F)
1978-12-17
Record daily precipitation
Record daily precipitation 75.9 mm (3.0 in)
1991-02-28
Record daily precipitation
Record daily precipitation 97.8 mm (3.9 in)
2007-01-09
Record low minimum temperature
Record low minimum temperature -8.3 C (17.1 F)
2007-01-10
Record low minimum temperature
Record low minimum temperature -9.4 C (15.1 F)
2008-06-24
Record high maximum temperature
Record high maximum temperature 48.9 C (120.0 F)
2008-06-26
Record high maximum temperature
Record high maximum temperature 50.0 C (122.0 F)
2008-06-27
Record high maximum temperature
Record high maximum temperature 51.7 C (125.1 F)
Wettest Day of Each Month
Jan: 97.8 mm (3.9 in)
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Santo Tomas. The most was 97.8 mm (3.9 in) on 20 January 2010.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Santo Tomas
Month
Record daily precipitation (mm)
Date
Jan
97.8 mm (3.9 in)
20 January 2010
Feb
97.8 mm (3.9 in)
28 February 1991
Mar
53.3 mm (2.1 in)
7 March 1992
Apr
43.9 mm (1.7 in)
15 April 1988
May
14.5 mm (0.6 in)
21 May 2006
Jun
12.2 mm (0.5 in)
24 June 2000
Jul
33.3 mm (1.3 in)
5 July 1962
Aug
22.9 mm (0.9 in)
16 August 1977
Sep
30.0 mm (1.2 in)
9 September 1976
Oct
43.9 mm (1.7 in)
22 October 1956
Nov
49.3 mm (1.9 in)
30 November 2007
Dec
75.9 mm (3.0 in)
17 December 1978
Period of Record Coverage
1948 to 2012
Complete yearUnder 90 percent of days
65 years of record at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. 10 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1948, 1963, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and others.
Cooler than the station meanWarmer than the station mean
One stripe for each of 50 complete years at Santo Tomas, 1949 to 2011. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 17.6 C (63.6 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1973, at 15.9 C (60.6 F), and the warmest was 1996, at 19.0 C (66.1 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.7 C (3.1 F).
Annual mean temperature at Santo Tomas as warming stripes, 1949 to 2011
Year
Annual mean temperature
Difference from the station mean
1949
17.1 C
-0.42 C
1950
18.1 C
+0.51 C
1951
17.5 C
-0.03 C
1952
17.5 C
-0.01 C
1953
18.6 C
+1.02 C
1954
18.1 C
+0.50 C
1955
16.5 C
-1.03 C
1956
17.4 C
-0.18 C
1957
17.8 C
+0.20 C
1958
17.7 C
+0.13 C
1959
18.2 C
+0.63 C
1960
17.8 C
+0.29 C
1961
18.1 C
+0.53 C
1962
17.0 C
-0.55 C
1964
18.4 C
+0.82 C
1965
17.2 C
-0.40 C
1966
17.2 C
-0.33 C
1967
17.0 C
-0.53 C
1968
17.0 C
-0.51 C
1969
16.8 C
-0.71 C
1970
16.9 C
-0.65 C
1971
16.2 C
-1.36 C
1972
17.1 C
-0.43 C
1973
15.9 C
-1.66 C
1974
16.7 C
-0.88 C
1975
16.0 C
-1.55 C
1976
16.9 C
-0.61 C
1977
17.6 C
+0.01 C
1978
17.5 C
-0.03 C
1979
16.9 C
-0.66 C
1980
17.7 C
+0.19 C
1981
18.6 C
+1.00 C
1982
17.2 C
-0.34 C
1983
17.6 C
+0.05 C
1984
18.1 C
+0.56 C
1985
17.2 C
-0.32 C
1986
17.6 C
+0.06 C
1987
17.3 C
-0.27 C
1989
17.6 C
+0.05 C
1994
17.6 C
0.00 C
1995
18.4 C
+0.88 C
1996
19.0 C
+1.41 C
1997
18.8 C
+1.24 C
1999
17.5 C
-0.01 C
2001
18.1 C
+0.52 C
2002
18.2 C
+0.61 C
2003
18.7 C
+1.11 C
2009
18.2 C
+0.66 C
2010
17.9 C
+0.32 C
2011
17.9 C
+0.39 C
The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.12 C (0.01 to 0.23) per decade over 1949 to 2011. In Fahrenheit: 0.21 F (0.02 to 0.41) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 50 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.
Fitted temperature trends per decade at Santo Tomas
Measure
Per decade (C)
Per decade (F)
Period
Complete years
Reading
Annual mean temperature
0.12 C (0.01 to 0.23) per decade
0.21 F (0.02 to 0.41) per decade
1949 to 2011
50
Rise
Mean daily maximum
0.24 C (0.01 to 0.46) per decade
0.43 F (0.02 to 0.83) per decade
1949 to 2011
50
Rise
Mean daily minimum
0.00 C (-0.14 to 0.15) per decade
0.00 F (-0.26 to 0.26) per decade
1949 to 2011
50
Not clearly different from zero
A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.
Extremes by Year
1948 to 2012
Yearly extremes at Santo Tomas: the record and the median year
Measure
Record
Year of the record
Median year
Years with a value
Hottest day (TXx)
51.7 C (125.1 F)
2008
42.8 C (109.0 F)
65
Coldest night (TNn)
-9.4 C (15.1 F)
2007
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
65
Wettest day (Rx1day)
97.8 mm (3.9 in)
1991
37.3 mm (1.5 in)
65
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
238.3 mm (9.4 in)
2010
59.9 mm (2.4 in)
65
Longest dry spell (CDD)
254 days
1972
143 days
65
Hottest day (TXx)
The hottest day of the year at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. The record is 51.7 C (125.1 F) in 2008, marked on the chart; the median year is 42.8 C (109.0 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Santo Tomas by year
Year
Hottest day (TXx)
1948
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1949
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1950
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1951
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1952
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1953
46.7 C (116.1 F)
1954
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1955
43.3 C (109.9 F)
1956
40.0 C (104.0 F)
1957
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1958
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1959
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1960
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1961
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1962
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1963
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1964
47.8 C (118.0 F)
1965
38.9 C (102.0 F)
1966
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1967
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1968
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1969
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1970
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1971
45.6 C (114.1 F)
1972
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1973
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1974
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1975
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1976
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1977
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1978
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1979
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1980
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1981
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1982
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1983
40.6 C (105.1 F)
1984
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1985
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1986
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1987
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1988
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1989
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1990
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1991
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1992
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1993
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1994
42.8 C (109.0 F)
1995
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1996
41.7 C (107.1 F)
1997
45.0 C (113.0 F)
1998
43.9 C (111.0 F)
1999
41.7 C (107.1 F)
2000
42.8 C (109.0 F)
2001
41.7 C (107.1 F)
2002
45.6 C (114.1 F)
2003
45.0 C (113.0 F)
2004
45.0 C (113.0 F)
2005
47.8 C (118.0 F)
2006
47.8 C (118.0 F)
2007
45.6 C (114.1 F)
2008
51.7 C (125.1 F)
2009
47.8 C (118.0 F)
2010
47.8 C (118.0 F)
2011
40.6 C (105.1 F)
2012
43.9 C (111.0 F)
Coldest night (TNn)
The coldest night of the year at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. The record is -9.4 C (15.1 F) in 2007, marked on the chart; the median year is -3.3 C (26.1 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Santo Tomas by year
Year
Coldest night (TNn)
1948
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1949
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1950
-6.1 C (21.0 F)
1951
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1952
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1953
-6.1 C (21.0 F)
1954
-6.1 C (21.0 F)
1955
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1956
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1957
-1.7 C (28.9 F)
1958
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1959
-1.1 C (30.0 F)
1960
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1961
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1962
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1963
-7.2 C (19.0 F)
1964
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1965
0.0 C (32.0 F)
1966
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1967
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1968
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1969
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1970
-7.2 C (19.0 F)
1971
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1972
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1973
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1974
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1975
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1976
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1977
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1978
-4.4 C (24.1 F)
1979
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1980
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1981
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1982
0.0 C (32.0 F)
1983
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1984
-1.1 C (30.0 F)
1985
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1986
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1987
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1988
-1.1 C (30.0 F)
1989
-6.1 C (21.0 F)
1990
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1991
-1.1 C (30.0 F)
1992
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1993
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1994
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
1995
0.0 C (32.0 F)
1996
-0.6 C (30.9 F)
1997
-1.1 C (30.0 F)
1998
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1999
-5.0 C (23.0 F)
2000
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
2001
-2.2 C (28.0 F)
2002
-3.3 C (26.1 F)
2003
0.0 C (32.0 F)
2004
0.0 C (32.0 F)
2005
0.0 C (32.0 F)
2006
2.8 C (37.0 F)
2007
-9.4 C (15.1 F)
2008
5.0 C (41.0 F)
2009
0.0 C (32.0 F)
2010
1.7 C (35.1 F)
2011
0.0 C (32.0 F)
2012
0.0 C (32.0 F)
Wettest day (Rx1day)
The wettest day of the year at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. The record is 97.8 mm (3.9 in) in 1991, marked on the chart; the median year is 37.3 mm (1.5 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Santo Tomas by year
Year
Wettest day (Rx1day)
1948
21.8 mm (0.9 in)
1949
31.5 mm (1.2 in)
1950
13.0 mm (0.5 in)
1951
43.4 mm (1.7 in)
1952
38.9 mm (1.5 in)
1953
31.0 mm (1.2 in)
1954
47.8 mm (1.9 in)
1955
15.0 mm (0.6 in)
1956
43.9 mm (1.7 in)
1957
38.4 mm (1.5 in)
1958
29.0 mm (1.1 in)
1959
25.9 mm (1.0 in)
1960
22.4 mm (0.9 in)
1961
17.8 mm (0.7 in)
1962
35.8 mm (1.4 in)
1963
40.4 mm (1.6 in)
1964
17.8 mm (0.7 in)
1965
56.9 mm (2.2 in)
1966
24.9 mm (1.0 in)
1967
39.9 mm (1.6 in)
1968
27.9 mm (1.1 in)
1969
61.0 mm (2.4 in)
1970
47.5 mm (1.9 in)
1971
15.7 mm (0.6 in)
1972
17.8 mm (0.7 in)
1973
27.4 mm (1.1 in)
1974
35.8 mm (1.4 in)
1975
31.5 mm (1.2 in)
1976
51.8 mm (2.0 in)
1977
22.9 mm (0.9 in)
1978
75.9 mm (3.0 in)
1979
30.0 mm (1.2 in)
1980
63.8 mm (2.5 in)
1981
37.8 mm (1.5 in)
1982
33.0 mm (1.3 in)
1983
52.3 mm (2.1 in)
1984
41.7 mm (1.6 in)
1985
28.4 mm (1.1 in)
1986
30.0 mm (1.2 in)
1987
56.9 mm (2.2 in)
1988
43.9 mm (1.7 in)
1989
14.0 mm (0.6 in)
1990
19.8 mm (0.8 in)
1991
97.8 mm (3.9 in)
1992
53.3 mm (2.1 in)
1993
83.3 mm (3.3 in)
1994
42.2 mm (1.7 in)
1995
71.9 mm (2.8 in)
1996
30.5 mm (1.2 in)
1997
46.5 mm (1.8 in)
1998
78.0 mm (3.1 in)
1999
25.4 mm (1.0 in)
2000
39.9 mm (1.6 in)
2001
23.9 mm (0.9 in)
2002
20.6 mm (0.8 in)
2003
33.3 mm (1.3 in)
2004
40.4 mm (1.6 in)
2005
37.3 mm (1.5 in)
2006
27.4 mm (1.1 in)
2007
49.3 mm (1.9 in)
2008
39.9 mm (1.6 in)
2009
47.2 mm (1.9 in)
2010
97.8 mm (3.9 in)
2011
66.3 mm (2.6 in)
2012
22.9 mm (0.9 in)
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
The wettest five days of the year at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. The record is 238.3 mm (9.4 in) in 2010, marked on the chart; the median year is 59.9 mm (2.4 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Santo Tomas by year
Year
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
1948
39.6 mm (1.6 in)
1949
75.4 mm (3.0 in)
1950
19.4 mm (0.8 in)
1951
56.5 mm (2.2 in)
1952
66.3 mm (2.6 in)
1953
36.6 mm (1.4 in)
1954
105.0 mm (4.1 in)
1955
33.5 mm (1.3 in)
1956
44.7 mm (1.8 in)
1957
92.3 mm (3.6 in)
1958
51.1 mm (2.0 in)
1959
42.6 mm (1.7 in)
1960
46.0 mm (1.8 in)
1961
32.0 mm (1.3 in)
1962
50.6 mm (2.0 in)
1963
71.4 mm (2.8 in)
1964
32.7 mm (1.3 in)
1965
76.0 mm (3.0 in)
1966
55.1 mm (2.2 in)
1967
64.6 mm (2.5 in)
1968
35.8 mm (1.4 in)
1969
81.9 mm (3.2 in)
1970
106.2 mm (4.2 in)
1971
23.1 mm (0.9 in)
1972
30.5 mm (1.2 in)
1973
53.1 mm (2.1 in)
1974
72.7 mm (2.9 in)
1975
55.7 mm (2.2 in)
1976
145.6 mm (5.7 in)
1977
59.9 mm (2.4 in)
1978
108.2 mm (4.3 in)
1979
45.9 mm (1.8 in)
1980
195.7 mm (7.7 in)
1981
88.4 mm (3.5 in)
1982
55.6 mm (2.2 in)
1983
129.3 mm (5.1 in)
1984
55.2 mm (2.2 in)
1985
33.0 mm (1.3 in)
1986
50.8 mm (2.0 in)
1987
123.0 mm (4.8 in)
1988
89.9 mm (3.5 in)
1989
17.6 mm (0.7 in)
1990
46.6 mm (1.8 in)
1991
119.6 mm (4.7 in)
1992
87.6 mm (3.4 in)
1993
146.3 mm (5.8 in)
1994
66.1 mm (2.6 in)
1995
79.1 mm (3.1 in)
1996
54.4 mm (2.1 in)
1997
76.3 mm (3.0 in)
1998
120.0 mm (4.7 in)
1999
26.7 mm (1.1 in)
2000
72.5 mm (2.9 in)
2001
72.9 mm (2.9 in)
2002
39.4 mm (1.6 in)
2003
60.5 mm (2.4 in)
2004
72.0 mm (2.8 in)
2005
56.1 mm (2.2 in)
2006
52.6 mm (2.1 in)
2007
50.1 mm (2.0 in)
2008
72.2 mm (2.8 in)
2009
65.0 mm (2.6 in)
2010
238.3 mm (9.4 in)
2011
84.1 mm (3.3 in)
2012
25.7 mm (1.0 in)
Longest dry spell (CDD)
The longest dry spell of the year at Santo Tomas, 1948 to 2012. The record is 254 days in 1972, marked on the chart; the median year is 143 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Santo Tomas by year
Year
Longest dry spell (CDD)
1948
157 days
1949
223 days
1950
126 days
1951
87 days
1952
193 days
1953
172 days
1954
114 days
1955
119 days
1956
145 days
1957
93 days
1958
184 days
1959
122 days
1960
240 days
1961
214 days
1962
164 days
1963
75 days
1964
191 days
1965
108 days
1966
228 days
1967
210 days
1968
138 days
1969
184 days
1970
211 days
1971
160 days
1972
254 days
1973
234 days
1974
201 days
1975
124 days
1976
139 days
1977
95 days
1978
193 days
1979
153 days
1980
218 days
1981
149 days
1982
147 days
1983
106 days
1984
76 days
1985
172 days
1986
90 days
1987
204 days
1988
135 days
1989
143 days
1990
38 days
1991
56 days
1992
65 days
1993
119 days
1994
48 days
1995
37 days
1996
48 days
1997
173 days
1998
89 days
1999
81 days
2000
117 days
2001
118 days
2002
39 days
2003
97 days
2004
152 days
2005
137 days
2006
224 days
2007
129 days
2008
96 days
2009
186 days
2010
162 days
2011
226 days
2012
218 days
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Frost Dates and Growing Season
44 years with a frost
Across 44 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Santo Tomas falls on 6 March and the median first autumn frost on 1 December, which leaves a median of 272 days between them.
Fitted over all years, the growing season changes by +5.4 days per decade at this station.
Frost dates and growing season at Santo Tomas
Measure
Median, all years
Earliest period
Recent period (1965 to 2009)
Recent against earliest
Fitted trend
Last spring frost
6 March
n/a
5 March
n/a
-3.7 days per decade
First autumn frost
1 December
n/a
2 December
n/a
+1.6 days per decade
Growing days
272 days
n/a
279 days
n/a
+5.4 days per decade
A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.
Rainfall Return Levels
59 years, 1949 to 2012
A day with at least 35.1 mm (1.4 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 95.9 mm (3.8 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
Rainfall return levels at Santo Tomas: the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once in
A day with at least
Note
2 years
35.1 mm (1.4 in)
5 years
50.6 mm (2.0 in)
10 years
61.2 mm (2.4 in)
25 years
74.9 mm (2.9 in)
50 years
85.4 mm (3.4 in)
100 years
95.9 mm (3.8 in)
Longer than the 59 years of record
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 59 years of values from 1949 to 2012.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 97.8 mm (3.9 in) in 2010; 78.0 mm (3.1 in) in 1998; 75.9 mm (3.0 in) in 1978.
Station Changes
No change in the annual mean temperature of this station was found against its neighbours.
Download the Data
Data for Santo Tomas standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
Data for Santo Tomas threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-16 (16 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.