Caledon (Pol) Weather Records (SF000067330)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Caledon (Pol) (SF000067330), South Africa, with 116 years of record.
Key Facts for Caledon (Pol)
- Caledon (Pol) (SF000067330) is a weather station in South Africa at -34.22 latitude and 19.43 longitude, 244 m (801 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1877 to 1992, 116 years of record.
- 0 records set at Caledon (Pol) still stand.
- Records are tracked for prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- Caledon (Pol) set a daily record precipitation of 43.0 mm (1.7 in) on 15 October 1992.
About the Station
- Location: South Africa, -34.22 latitude, 19.43 longitude.
- Elevation: 244 m (801 ft).
- Period of record: 1877 to 1992, 116 years.
- Eligible elements: prcp.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| May | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
0 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|
Wettest Day of Each Month
Dec: 135.9 mm (5.4 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 94.0 mm (3.7 in) | 21 January 1943 |
| Feb | 114.3 mm (4.5 in) | 18 February 1955 |
| Mar | 59.5 mm (2.3 in) | 22 March 1986 |
| Apr | 92.5 mm (3.6 in) | 21 April 1989 |
| May | 128.3 mm (5.1 in) | 19 May 1911 |
| Jun | 100.0 mm (3.9 in) | 21 June 1989 |
| Jul | 68.0 mm (2.7 in) | 5 July 1985 |
| Aug | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) | 5 August 1934 |
| Sep | 88.4 mm (3.5 in) | 30 September 1951 |
| Oct | 108.0 mm (4.3 in) | 13 October 1906 |
| Nov | 91.2 mm (3.6 in) | 13 November 1923 |
| Dec | 135.9 mm (5.4 in) | 14 December 1906 |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 October 1992 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 43.0 mm (1.7 in) | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) | 11 years | 49 of 100 (Notable) |
| 21 September 1992 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 14.0 mm (0.6 in) | 0.3 mm (0.01 in) | 103 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 4 September 1992 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 18.5 mm (0.7 in) | 3.5 mm (0.14 in) | 3 years | 14 of 100 (Routine) |
| 27 April 1992 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 36.0 mm (1.4 in) | 1.7 mm (0.07 in) | 57 years | 29 of 100 (Routine) |
| 29 October 1991 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 35.5 mm (1.4 in) | 3.5 mm (0.14 in) | 5 years | 14 of 100 (Routine) |
| 21 October 1991 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 25.5 mm (1.0 in) | 6.0 mm (0.24 in) | 12 years | 19 of 100 (Routine) |
| 10 July 1991 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 31.5 mm (1.2 in) | 3.5 mm (0.14 in) | 9 years | 16 of 100 (Routine) |
| 28 June 1990 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) | 15.7 mm (0.6 in) | 111 years | 57 of 100 (Notable) |
| 20 February 1990 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 54.0 mm (2.1 in) | 27.5 mm (1.1 in) | 32 years | 51 of 100 (Notable) |
| 4 September 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 15.0 mm (0.6 in) | 3.8 mm (0.15 in) | 59 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 26 July 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 41.5 mm (1.6 in) | 0.6 mm (0.02 in) | 88 years | 36 of 100 (Notable) |
| 21 June 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | monthly rain | 100.0 mm (3.9 in) | 24.8 mm (1.0 in) | 81 years | 72 of 100 (Major) |
| 21 April 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | monthly rain | 92.5 mm (3.6 in) | 28.5 mm (1.1 in) | 82 years | 80 of 100 (Exceptional) |
| 19 April 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) | 6.1 mm (0.24 in) | 38 years | 28 of 100 (Routine) |
| 30 March 1989 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 32.0 mm (1.3 in) | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) | 59 years | 32 of 100 (Routine) |
| 26 August 1988 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) | 9.9 mm (0.39 in) | 34 years | 32 of 100 (Routine) |
| 14 April 1987 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 37.0 mm (1.5 in) | 25.0 mm (1.0 in) | 0 years | 42 of 100 (Notable) |
| 10 September 1986 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 18.6 mm (0.7 in) | 7.7 mm (0.30 in) | 106 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 29 August 1986 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 53.4 mm (2.1 in) | 30.8 mm (1.2 in) | 59 years | 65 of 100 (Major) |
| 4 August 1986 | Caledon (Pol), ZA | daily rain | 25.0 mm (1.0 in) | 0.9 mm (0.04 in) | 80 years | 35 of 100 (Notable) |
Extremes by Year
1877 to 1992| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 135.9 mm (5.4 in) | 1906 | 38.6 mm (1.5 in) | 116 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 179.1 mm (7.1 in) | 1906 | 67.4 mm (2.7 in) | 116 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 123 days | 1967 | 30 days | 116 |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1877 | 12.4 mm (0.5 in) |
| 1878 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1879 | 63.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1880 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1881 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1882 | 34.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1883 | 24.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1884 | 44.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1885 | 24.4 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1886 | 67.1 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1887 | 21.6 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1888 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1889 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1890 | 37.6 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1891 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1892 | 59.9 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1893 | 43.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1894 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1895 | 50.5 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1896 | 25.4 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1897 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1898 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1899 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1900 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1901 | 40.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1902 | 50.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1903 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1904 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1905 | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1906 | 135.9 mm (5.4 in) |
| 1907 | 64.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1908 | 75.2 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1909 | 47.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1910 | 29.7 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1911 | 128.3 mm (5.1 in) |
| 1912 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1913 | 55.4 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1914 | 54.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1915 | 27.9 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1916 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1917 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1918 | 50.0 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1919 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1920 | 45.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1921 | 34.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1922 | 70.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1923 | 91.2 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1924 | 23.6 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1925 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1926 | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1927 | 30.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1928 | 36.1 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1929 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1930 | 39.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1931 | 48.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1932 | 36.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1933 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1934 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1935 | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1936 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1937 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1938 | 36.1 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1939 | 37.3 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1940 | 35.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1941 | 34.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1942 | 40.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1943 | 94.0 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1944 | 82.0 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1945 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1946 | 21.3 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1947 | 27.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1948 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1949 | 33.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1950 | 22.9 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1951 | 88.4 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1952 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1953 | 30.7 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1954 | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1955 | 114.3 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1956 | 40.3 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1957 | 54.0 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1958 | 36.0 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1959 | 36.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1960 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1961 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1962 | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1963 | 90.0 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1964 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1965 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1966 | 24.2 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1967 | 28.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1968 | 7.5 mm (0.30 in) |
| 1969 | 25.5 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1970 | 33.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1971 | 41.8 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1972 | 38.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1973 | 22.0 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1974 | 56.5 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1975 | 36.0 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1976 | 58.0 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1977 | 60.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1978 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1979 | 44.6 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1980 | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1981 | 41.0 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1982 | 34.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1983 | 46.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1984 | 35.1 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1985 | 68.0 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1986 | 59.5 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1987 | 37.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1988 | 39.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1989 | 100.0 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1990 | 54.0 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1991 | 35.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1992 | 43.0 mm (1.7 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1877 | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) |
| 1878 | 96.3 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1879 | 104.6 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1880 | 71.6 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1881 | 67.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1882 | 60.6 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1883 | 57.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1884 | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1885 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1886 | 112.4 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1887 | 36.7 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1888 | 63.8 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1889 | 78.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1890 | 104.5 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1891 | 54.5 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1892 | 67.2 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1893 | 57.1 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1894 | 84.8 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1895 | 57.8 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1896 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1897 | 45.1 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1898 | 49.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1899 | 59.5 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1900 | 70.2 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1901 | 85.0 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1902 | 81.8 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1903 | 87.3 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1904 | 51.1 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1905 | 87.6 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1906 | 179.1 mm (7.1 in) |
| 1907 | 70.1 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1908 | 111.3 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1909 | 58.7 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1910 | 61.2 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1911 | 143.8 mm (5.7 in) |
| 1912 | 47.6 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1913 | 96.3 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1914 | 75.9 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1915 | 60.6 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1916 | 60.9 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1917 | 70.7 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1918 | 85.3 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1919 | 42.0 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1920 | 85.1 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1921 | 62.2 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1922 | 87.4 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1923 | 115.7 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1924 | 44.8 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1925 | 105.6 mm (4.2 in) |
| 1926 | 80.5 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1927 | 61.5 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1928 | 55.3 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1929 | 69.7 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1930 | 52.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1931 | 78.3 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1932 | 75.7 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1933 | 52.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1934 | 95.7 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1935 | 79.7 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1936 | 54.7 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1937 | 47.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1938 | 57.0 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1939 | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1940 | 70.1 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1941 | 58.3 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1942 | 74.9 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1943 | 131.8 mm (5.2 in) |
| 1944 | 97.8 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1945 | 117.0 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1946 | 38.8 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1947 | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1948 | 121.5 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1949 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1950 | 56.2 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1951 | 139.2 mm (5.5 in) |
| 1952 | 91.5 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1953 | 60.2 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1954 | 86.6 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1955 | 146.9 mm (5.8 in) |
| 1956 | 63.3 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1957 | 90.3 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1958 | 62.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1959 | 45.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1960 | 71.5 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1961 | 45.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1962 | 72.0 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1963 | 99.0 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1964 | 63.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1965 | 45.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1966 | 85.5 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1967 | 53.7 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1968 | 10.0 mm (0.4 in) |
| 1969 | 27.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1970 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1971 | 67.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1972 | 91.0 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1973 | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1974 | 44.0 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1975 | 46.0 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1976 | 67.5 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1977 | 80.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1978 | 88.7 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1979 | 79.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1980 | 69.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1981 | 83.9 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1982 | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1983 | 57.0 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1984 | 84.7 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1985 | 100.4 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1986 | 103.6 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1987 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1988 | 84.1 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1989 | 145.5 mm (5.7 in) |
| 1990 | 54.8 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1991 | 57.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1992 | 56.5 mm (2.2 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1877 | 15 days |
| 1878 | 19 days |
| 1879 | 32 days |
| 1880 | 26 days |
| 1881 | 16 days |
| 1882 | 19 days |
| 1883 | 23 days |
| 1884 | 27 days |
| 1885 | 32 days |
| 1886 | 34 days |
| 1887 | 27 days |
| 1888 | 25 days |
| 1889 | 26 days |
| 1890 | 16 days |
| 1891 | 24 days |
| 1892 | 27 days |
| 1893 | 40 days |
| 1894 | 23 days |
| 1895 | 26 days |
| 1896 | 29 days |
| 1897 | 38 days |
| 1898 | 17 days |
| 1899 | 68 days |
| 1900 | 29 days |
| 1901 | 28 days |
| 1902 | 24 days |
| 1903 | 37 days |
| 1904 | 29 days |
| 1905 | 72 days |
| 1906 | 74 days |
| 1907 | 91 days |
| 1908 | 37 days |
| 1909 | 30 days |
| 1910 | 92 days |
| 1911 | 16 days |
| 1912 | 34 days |
| 1913 | 30 days |
| 1914 | 30 days |
| 1915 | 42 days |
| 1916 | 22 days |
| 1917 | 19 days |
| 1918 | 32 days |
| 1919 | 26 days |
| 1920 | 21 days |
| 1921 | 29 days |
| 1922 | 38 days |
| 1923 | 40 days |
| 1924 | 14 days |
| 1925 | 20 days |
| 1926 | 34 days |
| 1927 | 29 days |
| 1928 | 27 days |
| 1929 | 37 days |
| 1930 | 24 days |
| 1931 | 20 days |
| 1932 | 45 days |
| 1933 | 37 days |
| 1934 | 30 days |
| 1935 | 23 days |
| 1936 | 33 days |
| 1937 | 26 days |
| 1938 | 37 days |
| 1939 | 27 days |
| 1940 | 19 days |
| 1941 | 21 days |
| 1942 | 27 days |
| 1943 | 19 days |
| 1944 | 35 days |
| 1945 | 47 days |
| 1946 | 61 days |
| 1947 | 44 days |
| 1948 | 18 days |
| 1949 | 32 days |
| 1950 | 39 days |
| 1951 | 37 days |
| 1952 | 17 days |
| 1953 | 40 days |
| 1954 | 27 days |
| 1955 | 26 days |
| 1956 | 32 days |
| 1957 | 50 days |
| 1958 | 33 days |
| 1959 | 30 days |
| 1960 | 34 days |
| 1961 | 30 days |
| 1962 | 36 days |
| 1963 | 22 days |
| 1964 | 40 days |
| 1965 | 33 days |
| 1966 | 29 days |
| 1967 | 123 days |
| 1968 | 38 days |
| 1969 | 43 days |
| 1970 | 35 days |
| 1971 | 35 days |
| 1972 | 42 days |
| 1973 | 29 days |
| 1974 | 49 days |
| 1975 | 51 days |
| 1976 | 31 days |
| 1977 | 48 days |
| 1978 | 36 days |
| 1979 | 62 days |
| 1980 | 30 days |
| 1981 | 27 days |
| 1982 | 26 days |
| 1983 | 21 days |
| 1984 | 20 days |
| 1985 | 23 days |
| 1986 | 28 days |
| 1987 | 32 days |
| 1988 | 39 days |
| 1989 | 23 days |
| 1990 | 24 days |
| 1991 | 37 days |
| 1992 | 38 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Rainfall Return Levels
110 years, 1878 to 1991A day with at least 39.8 mm (1.6 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 133.1 mm (5.2 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
| Expected about once in | A day with at least | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2 years | 39.8 mm (1.6 in) | |
| 5 years | 56.0 mm (2.2 in) | |
| 10 years | 69.5 mm (2.7 in) | |
| 25 years | 90.8 mm (3.6 in) | |
| 50 years | 110.1 mm (4.3 in) | |
| 100 years | 133.1 mm (5.2 in) |
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 110 years of values from 1878 to 1991.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 135.9 mm (5.4 in) in 1906; 128.3 mm (5.1 in) in 1911; 114.3 mm (4.5 in) in 1955.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).