Built 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026)

Batavia Weather Records (USC00300443)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Batavia (USC00300443), New York, United States, with 116 years of record.

Key Facts for Batavia

  • Batavia (USC00300443) is a weather station in New York, United States at 43.03 latitude and -78.17 longitude, 278 m (913 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1911 to 2026, 116 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Batavia still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Batavia tied a daily record low minimum temperature of 9.4 C (48.9 F) on 23 July 2026.

About the Station

  • Location: New York, United States, 43.03 latitude, -78.17 longitude.
  • Elevation: 278 m (913 ft).
  • Period of record: 1911 to 2026, 116 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

3 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Batavia, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Batavia. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 3 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. -40-2002040 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Batavia. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 3 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Batavia, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan22.2 C (72.0 F)-31.1 C (-24.0 F)15.6 C (60.1 F)-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
Feb23.3 C (73.9 F)-33.3 C (-27.9 F)8.3 C (46.9 F)-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
Mar27.2 C (81.0 F)-26.1 C (-15.0 F)20.6 C (69.1 F)-14.4 C (6.1 F)
Apr33.3 C (91.9 F)-14.4 C (6.1 F)25.0 C (77.0 F)-6.1 C (21.0 F)
May33.9 C (93.0 F)-4.4 C (24.1 F)31.1 C (88.0 F)-0.6 C (30.9 F)
Jun35.0 C (95.0 F)0.0 C (32.0 F)31.7 C (89.1 F)6.1 C (43.0 F)
Jul39.4 C (102.9 F)4.4 C (39.9 F)32.8 C (91.0 F)9.4 C (48.9 F)
Aug35.6 C (96.1 F)0.6 C (33.1 F)28.9 C (84.0 F)10.0 C (50.0 F)
Sep35.6 C (96.1 F)-2.2 C (28.0 F)28.9 C (84.0 F)2.2 C (36.0 F)
Oct31.1 C (88.0 F)-7.2 C (19.0 F)21.7 C (71.1 F)2.8 C (37.0 F)
Nov26.1 C (79.0 F)-17.2 C (1.0 F)n/an/a
Dec22.8 C (73.0 F)-27.8 C (-18.0 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Batavia by the year they were set 1,464 records at Batavia still stand. 1945 holds the most, with 37. 0102030401932: 221933: 341934: 341935: 231936: 361937: 161938: 171939: 121940: 281941: 161942: 221943: 231944: 121945: 371946: 211947: 191948: 111949: 261950: 231951: 241952: 131953: 121954: 131955: 61956: 131957: 181958: 111959: 211960: 51961: 81962: 131963: 171964: 181965: 231966: 131967: 121968: 161969: 111970: 141971: 81972: 121973: 111974: 161975: 71976: 161977: 211978: 81979: 271980: 111981: 171982: 241983: 121984: 151985: 91986: 81987: 91988: 181989: 181990: 141991: 221992: 91993: 121994: 151995: 61996: 61997: 101998: 111999: 62000: 142001: 232002: 192003: 92004: 52005: 172006: 142007: 142008: 122009: 42010: 52011: 152012: 202013: 112014: 112015: 202016: 162017: 232018: 242019: 232020: 192021: 122022: 102023: 62024: 122025: 112026: 41932194219521962197219821992200220122022
1,464 records at Batavia still stand. 1945 holds the most, with 37.
Standing records at Batavia by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
193222
193334
193434
193523
193636
193716
193817
193912
194028
194116
194222
194323
194412
194537
194621
194719
194811
194926
195023
195124
195213
195312
195413
19556
195613
195718
195811
195921
19605
19618
196213
196317
196418
196523
196613
196712
196816
196911
197014
19718
197212
197311
197416
19757
197616
197721
19788
197927
198011
198117
198224
198312
198415
19859
19868
19879
198818
198918
199014
199122
19929
199312
199415
19956
19966
199710
199811
19996
200014
200123
200219
20039
20045
200517
200614
200714
200812
20094
20105
201115
201220
201311
201411
201520
201616
201723
201824
201923
202019
202112
202210
20236
202412
202511
20264

All-Time Record Progression

5 new records
When Batavia set new all-time records 5 all-time records were set at Batavia between 23 January 1966 and 6 January 2018. Each dot is a new record. Record daily snowfallRecord high minimum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature23 January 1966: Record daily snowfall 58.4 cm (23.0 in)16 July 1995: Record high minimum temperature 27.8 C (82.0 F)18 July 2008: Record high minimum temperature 28.3 C (82.9 F)3 September 2011: Record high minimum temperature 30.0 C (86.0 F)6 January 2018: Record low maximum temperature -21.7 C (-7.1 F)19701980199020002010
5 all-time records were set at Batavia between 23 January 1966 and 6 January 2018. Each dot is a new record.
When Batavia set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1966-01-23Record daily snowfallRecord daily snowfall 58.4 cm (23.0 in)
1995-07-16Record high minimum temperatureRecord high minimum temperature 27.8 C (82.0 F)
2008-07-18Record high minimum temperatureRecord high minimum temperature 28.3 C (82.9 F)
2011-09-03Record high minimum temperatureRecord high minimum temperature 30.0 C (86.0 F)
2018-01-06Record low maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature -21.7 C (-7.1 F)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Jun: 140.2 mm (5.5 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Batavia The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Batavia. The most was 140.2 mm (5.5 in) on 2 June 1926. 050100150 Jan: 57.2 mm (2.3 in), 8 January 1998 Jan Feb: 86.4 mm (3.4 in), 19 February 1981 Feb Mar: 47.8 mm (1.9 in), 17 March 1936 Mar Apr: 52.1 mm (2.1 in), 14 April 1981 Apr May: 89.2 mm (3.5 in), 13 May 1933 May Jun: 140.2 mm (5.5 in), 2 June 1926 Jun Jul: 76.2 mm (3.0 in), 17 July 2021 Jul Aug: 127.0 mm (5.0 in), 10 August 1913 Aug Sep: 116.8 mm (4.6 in), 14 September 1979 Sep Oct: 61.7 mm (2.4 in), 14 October 1955 Oct Nov: 63.5 mm (2.5 in), 17 November 1920 Nov Dec: 76.5 mm (3.0 in), 4 December 2007 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Batavia. The most was 140.2 mm (5.5 in) on 2 June 1926.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Batavia
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan57.2 mm (2.3 in)8 January 1998
Feb86.4 mm (3.4 in)19 February 1981
Mar47.8 mm (1.9 in)17 March 1936
Apr52.1 mm (2.1 in)14 April 1981
May89.2 mm (3.5 in)13 May 1933
Jun140.2 mm (5.5 in)2 June 1926
Jul76.2 mm (3.0 in)17 July 2021
Aug127.0 mm (5.0 in)10 August 1913
Sep116.8 mm (4.6 in)14 September 1979
Oct61.7 mm (2.4 in)14 October 1955
Nov63.5 mm (2.5 in)17 November 1920
Dec76.5 mm (3.0 in)4 December 2007

Period of Record Coverage

1932 to 2026
Days with data per year at Batavia 93 years of record at Batavia, 1932 to 2026. 7 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1955, 1985, 1995, 2003, 2008, 2011, 2026. 1932: 357 of 366 days1933: 361 of 365 days1934: 364 of 365 days1935: 364 of 365 days1936: 366 of 366 days1937: 364 of 365 days1938: 365 of 365 days1939: 365 of 365 days1940: 366 of 366 days1941: 365 of 365 days1942: 361 of 365 days1943: 364 of 365 days1944: 366 of 366 days1945: 365 of 365 days1946: 364 of 365 days1947: 365 of 365 days1948: 366 of 366 days1949: 365 of 365 days1950: 364 of 365 days1951: 365 of 365 days1952: 364 of 366 days1953: 365 of 365 days1954: 358 of 365 days1955: 280 of 365 days1956: 360 of 366 days1957: 359 of 365 days1958: 351 of 365 days1959: 345 of 365 days1960: 361 of 366 days1961: 362 of 365 days1962: 362 of 365 days1963: 365 of 365 days1964: 366 of 366 days1965: 362 of 365 days1966: 365 of 365 days1967: 363 of 365 days1968: 366 of 366 days1969: 365 of 365 days1970: 365 of 365 days1971: 365 of 365 days1972: 336 of 366 days1973: 365 of 365 days1974: 364 of 365 days1975: 365 of 365 days1976: 366 of 366 days1977: 364 of 365 days1978: 364 of 365 days1979: 365 of 365 days1980: 365 of 366 days1981: 360 of 365 days1982: 356 of 365 days1983: 362 of 365 days1984: 363 of 366 days1985: 302 of 365 days1986: 365 of 365 days1987: 365 of 365 days1988: 365 of 366 days1989: 362 of 365 days1990: 364 of 365 days1991: 365 of 365 days1992: 365 of 366 days1993: 361 of 365 days1994: 359 of 365 days1995: 306 of 365 days1996: 358 of 366 days1997: 356 of 365 days1998: 353 of 365 days1999: 339 of 365 days2000: 357 of 366 days2001: 347 of 365 days2002: 354 of 365 days2003: 315 of 365 days2004: 348 of 366 days2005: 342 of 365 days2006: 357 of 365 days2007: 356 of 365 days2008: 195 of 366 days2011: 260 of 365 days2012: 366 of 366 days2013: 364 of 365 days2014: 363 of 365 days2015: 365 of 365 days2016: 364 of 366 days2017: 359 of 365 days2018: 365 of 365 days2019: 365 of 365 days2020: 365 of 366 days2021: 365 of 365 days2022: 365 of 365 days2023: 365 of 365 days2024: 366 of 366 days2025: 365 of 365 days2026: 265 of 365 days193519501965198019952025
93 years of record at Batavia, 1932 to 2026. 7 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1955, 1985, 1995, 2003, 2008, 2011, 2026.
Days with data per year at Batavia
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
193235798%Yes
193336199%Yes
1934364100%Yes
1935364100%Yes
1936366100%Yes
1937364100%Yes
1938365100%Yes
1939365100%Yes
1940366100%Yes
1941365100%Yes
194236199%Yes
1943364100%Yes
1944366100%Yes
1945365100%Yes
1946364100%Yes
1947365100%Yes
1948366100%Yes
1949365100%Yes
1950364100%Yes
1951365100%Yes
195236499%Yes
1953365100%Yes
195435898%Yes
195528077%No
195636098%Yes
195735998%Yes
195835196%Yes
195934595%Yes
196036199%Yes
196136299%Yes
196236299%Yes
1963365100%Yes
1964366100%Yes
196536299%Yes
1966365100%Yes
196736399%Yes
1968366100%Yes
1969365100%Yes
1970365100%Yes
1971365100%Yes
197233692%Yes
1973365100%Yes
1974364100%Yes
1975365100%Yes
1976366100%Yes
1977364100%Yes
1978364100%Yes
1979365100%Yes
1980365100%Yes
198136099%Yes
198235698%Yes
198336299%Yes
198436399%Yes
198530283%No
1986365100%Yes
1987365100%Yes
1988365100%Yes
198936299%Yes
1990364100%Yes
1991365100%Yes
1992365100%Yes
199336199%Yes
199435998%Yes
199530684%No
199635898%Yes
199735698%Yes
199835397%Yes
199933993%Yes
200035798%Yes
200134795%Yes
200235497%Yes
200331586%No
200434895%Yes
200534294%Yes
200635798%Yes
200735698%Yes
200819553%No
201126071%No
2012366100%Yes
2013364100%Yes
201436399%Yes
2015365100%Yes
201636499%Yes
201735998%Yes
2018365100%Yes
2019365100%Yes
2020365100%Yes
2021365100%Yes
2022365100%Yes
2023365100%Yes
2024366100%Yes
2025365100%Yes
202626573%No

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Batavia
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
23 July 2026Batavia, USdaily low min (Tie)9.4 C (48.9 F)tie40 years5 of 100 (Routine)
15 July 2026Batavia, USdaily high min (Tie)23.3 C (73.9 F)tie12 years3 of 100 (Routine)
3 July 2026Batavia, USdaily high min23.3 C (73.9 F)2.2 C (4.0 F)52 years30 of 100 (Routine)
15 June 2026Batavia, USdaily rain37.8 mm (1.5 in)10.6 mm (0.4 in)100 years49 of 100 (Notable)
15 June 2026Batavia, USdaily low max16.1 C (61.0 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)84 years35 of 100 (Notable)
19 May 2026Batavia, USdaily high max (Tie)31.1 C (88.0 F)tie64 years7 of 100 (Routine)
6 May 2026Batavia, USdaily rain28.7 mm (1.1 in)2.3 mm (0.09 in)0 years12 of 100 (Routine)
25 April 2026Batavia, USdaily rain31.8 mm (1.3 in)2.1 mm (0.08 in)68 years32 of 100 (Routine)
1 April 2026Batavia, USdaily rain31.2 mm (1.2 in)11.4 mm (0.4 in)32 years34 of 100 (Routine)
10 March 2026Batavia, USdaily high min (Tie)12.2 C (54.0 F)tie9 years2 of 100 (Routine)
26 January 2026Batavia, USdaily snowfall27.9 cm (11.0 in)7.6 cm (3.0 in)12 years28 of 100 (Routine)
24 January 2026Batavia, USdaily low max-13.9 C (7.0 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)91 years36 of 100 (Notable)
10 January 2026Batavia, USdaily high max15.6 C (60.1 F)1.7 C (3.1 F)76 years33 of 100 (Routine)
9 January 2026Batavia, USdaily high min (Tie)4.4 C (39.9 F)tie18 years3 of 100 (Routine)
2 January 2026Batavia, USdaily snowfall (Tie)20.3 cm (8.0 in)tie12 years3 of 100 (Routine)
9 December 2025Batavia, USdaily low min (Tie)-17.2 C (1.0 F)tie36 years4 of 100 (Routine)
8 December 2025Batavia, USdaily low min-18.9 C (-2.0 F)1.7 C (3.1 F)91 years38 of 100 (Notable)
5 December 2025Batavia, USdaily low min-18.9 C (-2.0 F)5.0 C (9.0 F)80 years41 of 100 (Notable)
11 November 2025Batavia, USdaily snowfall (Tie)10.2 cm (4.0 in)tie92 years9 of 100 (Routine)
23 September 2025Batavia, USdaily high min20.0 C (68.0 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)40 years22 of 100 (Routine)

Climate Trend

84 complete years, 1932 to 2025
Annual mean temperature at Batavia as warming stripes, 1932 to 2025 One stripe for each of 84 complete years at Batavia, 1932 to 2025. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 8.9 C (48.0 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1940, at 6.9 C (44.4 F), and the warmest was 2012, at 11.3 C (52.4 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 2.5 C (4.5 F). 1932: 9.1 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1933: 9.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1934: 8.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1935: 7.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1936: 8.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1937: 8.2 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1938: 9.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1939: 8.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1940: 6.9 C, -2.0 C from the station mean1941: 8.7 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1942: 8.2 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1943: 7.0 C, -1.8 C from the station mean1944: 7.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1945: 7.6 C, -1.3 C from the station mean1946: 8.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1947: 8.0 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1948: 8.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1949: 9.4 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1950: 7.7 C, -1.2 C from the station mean1951: 8.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1952: 9.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1953: 9.4 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1954: 8.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1956: 8.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1957: 8.9 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1958: 7.6 C, -1.3 C from the station mean1960: 8.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1961: 8.7 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1962: 8.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1963: 8.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1964: 8.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1965: 8.1 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1966: 8.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1967: 8.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1968: 8.2 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1969: 8.4 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1970: 8.7 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1971: 8.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1973: 10.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1974: 8.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1975: 9.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1976: 8.2 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1977: 8.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1978: 7.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1979: 8.7 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1980: 8.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1981: 8.8 C, -0.1 C from the station mean1982: 8.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1983: 9.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1984: 9.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1986: 9.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1987: 9.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1988: 9.0 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1989: 8.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1990: 10.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1991: 10.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1992: 8.2 C, -0.7 C from the station mean1993: 8.5 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1994: 8.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1996: 8.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1997: 8.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1998: 11.0 C, +2.1 C from the station mean1999: 9.9 C, +1.1 C from the station mean2000: 9.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean2001: 10.5 C, +1.6 C from the station mean2002: 10.0 C, +1.1 C from the station mean2004: 9.0 C, +0.2 C from the station mean2005: 9.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean2006: 10.3 C, +1.5 C from the station mean2007: 9.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean2012: 11.3 C, +2.5 C from the station mean2013: 9.5 C, +0.6 C from the station mean2014: 8.7 C, -0.2 C from the station mean2015: 9.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean2016: 10.9 C, +2.1 C from the station mean2017: 9.8 C, +1.0 C from the station mean2018: 9.1 C, +0.2 C from the station mean2019: 8.3 C, -0.5 C from the station mean2020: 10.0 C, +1.1 C from the station mean2021: 10.0 C, +1.2 C from the station mean2022: 9.2 C, +0.4 C from the station mean2023: 10.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean2024: 10.7 C, +1.8 C from the station mean2025: 9.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1932194019501960197019801990200020102020
One stripe for each of 84 complete years at Batavia, 1932 to 2025. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 8.9 C (48.0 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1940, at 6.9 C (44.4 F), and the warmest was 2012, at 11.3 C (52.4 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 2.5 C (4.5 F).
Annual mean temperature at Batavia as warming stripes, 1932 to 2025
YearAnnual mean temperatureDifference from the station mean
19329.1 C+0.21 C
19339.0 C+0.12 C
19348.0 C-0.92 C
19357.5 C-1.42 C
19368.0 C-0.92 C
19378.2 C-0.65 C
19389.0 C+0.09 C
19398.1 C-0.77 C
19406.9 C-2.00 C
19418.7 C-0.21 C
19428.2 C-0.65 C
19437.0 C-1.83 C
19447.9 C-0.99 C
19457.6 C-1.32 C
19468.6 C-0.28 C
19478.0 C-0.84 C
19488.1 C-0.80 C
19499.4 C+0.48 C
19507.7 C-1.17 C
19518.4 C-0.51 C
19529.0 C+0.10 C
19539.4 C+0.49 C
19548.4 C-0.46 C
19568.3 C-0.56 C
19578.9 C+0.05 C
19587.6 C-1.31 C
19608.4 C-0.49 C
19618.7 C-0.13 C
19628.1 C-0.78 C
19638.1 C-0.80 C
19648.9 C-0.01 C
19658.1 C-0.73 C
19668.4 C-0.50 C
19678.3 C-0.61 C
19688.2 C-0.66 C
19698.4 C-0.44 C
19708.7 C-0.20 C
19718.9 C+0.03 C
197310.1 C+1.21 C
19748.9 C-0.01 C
19759.6 C+0.70 C
19768.2 C-0.66 C
19778.8 C-0.03 C
19787.9 C-1.00 C
19798.7 C-0.15 C
19808.1 C-0.76 C
19818.8 C-0.08 C
19828.3 C-0.62 C
19839.2 C+0.33 C
19849.0 C+0.11 C
19869.0 C+0.14 C
19879.6 C+0.70 C
19889.0 C+0.17 C
19898.0 C-0.91 C
199010.1 C+1.23 C
199110.1 C+1.23 C
19928.2 C-0.70 C
19938.5 C-0.40 C
19948.6 C-0.27 C
19968.6 C-0.29 C
19978.6 C-0.29 C
199811.0 C+2.08 C
19999.9 C+1.06 C
20009.2 C+0.29 C
200110.5 C+1.63 C
200210.0 C+1.10 C
20049.0 C+0.17 C
20059.6 C+0.68 C
200610.3 C+1.45 C
20079.6 C+0.70 C
201211.3 C+2.45 C
20139.5 C+0.63 C
20148.7 C-0.16 C
20159.6 C+0.74 C
201610.9 C+2.06 C
20179.8 C+0.95 C
20189.1 C+0.24 C
20198.3 C-0.53 C
202010.0 C+1.09 C
202110.0 C+1.16 C
20229.2 C+0.35 C
202310.1 C+1.24 C
202410.7 C+1.80 C
20259.2 C+0.34 C

The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.2 C (0.2 to 0.3) per decade over 1932 to 2025. In Fahrenheit: 0.4 F (0.3 to 0.5) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 84 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.

Fitted temperature trends per decade at Batavia
MeasurePer decade (C)Per decade (F)PeriodComplete yearsReading
Annual mean temperature0.2 C (0.2 to 0.3) per decade0.4 F (0.3 to 0.5) per decade1932 to 202584Rise
Mean daily maximum0.2 C (0.2 to 0.3) per decade0.4 F (0.3 to 0.5) per decade1932 to 202584Rise
Mean daily minimum0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade0.3 F (0.2 to 0.4) per decade1932 to 202584Rise

A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.

Extremes by Year

1911 to 2026
Yearly extremes at Batavia: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)39.4 C (102.9 F)193633.3 C (91.9 F)93
Coldest night (TNn)-33.3 C (-27.9 F)1934-22.8 C (-9.0 F)95
Wettest day (Rx1day)140.2 mm (5.5 in)192648.2 mm (1.9 in)116
Wettest five days (Rx5day)121.7 mm (4.8 in)202172.4 mm (2.9 in)107
Longest dry spell (CDD)29 days199514 days116

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Batavia by year The hottest day of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 39.4 C (102.9 F) in 1936, marked on the chart; the median year is 33.3 C (91.9 F). 3032.53537.540192019401960198020002020Record: 39.4 C (102.9 F) in 1936
The hottest day of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 39.4 C (102.9 F) in 1936, marked on the chart; the median year is 33.3 C (91.9 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Batavia by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
1911n/a
1912n/a
1913n/a
1914n/a
1915n/a
1916n/a
1917n/a
1918n/a
1919n/a
1920n/a
1921n/a
1922n/a
1923n/a
1924n/a
1925n/a
1926n/a
1927n/a
1928n/a
1929n/a
1930n/a
1931n/a
193234.4 C (93.9 F)
193337.2 C (99.0 F)
193435.0 C (95.0 F)
193533.3 C (91.9 F)
193639.4 C (102.9 F)
193733.9 C (93.0 F)
193833.9 C (93.0 F)
193935.6 C (96.1 F)
194033.9 C (93.0 F)
194136.7 C (98.1 F)
194232.8 C (91.0 F)
194332.2 C (90.0 F)
194435.6 C (96.1 F)
194533.3 C (91.9 F)
194634.4 C (93.9 F)
194734.4 C (93.9 F)
194835.6 C (96.1 F)
194935.0 C (95.0 F)
195031.7 C (89.1 F)
195132.2 C (90.0 F)
195235.0 C (95.0 F)
195335.0 C (95.0 F)
195431.7 C (89.1 F)
195533.9 C (93.0 F)
195631.7 C (89.1 F)
195734.4 C (93.9 F)
195830.6 C (87.1 F)
195935.6 C (96.1 F)
196032.8 C (91.0 F)
196131.7 C (89.1 F)
196232.8 C (91.0 F)
196334.4 C (93.9 F)
196434.4 C (93.9 F)
196532.2 C (90.0 F)
196634.4 C (93.9 F)
196732.2 C (90.0 F)
196833.3 C (91.9 F)
196933.3 C (91.9 F)
197032.2 C (90.0 F)
197132.2 C (90.0 F)
197232.8 C (91.0 F)
197333.9 C (93.0 F)
197431.7 C (89.1 F)
197533.9 C (93.0 F)
197631.7 C (89.1 F)
197733.3 C (91.9 F)
197833.3 C (91.9 F)
197932.8 C (91.0 F)
198032.2 C (90.0 F)
198133.3 C (91.9 F)
198234.4 C (93.9 F)
198333.9 C (93.0 F)
198431.7 C (89.1 F)
198532.2 C (90.0 F)
198631.7 C (89.1 F)
198732.8 C (91.0 F)
198835.6 C (96.1 F)
198932.2 C (90.0 F)
199033.3 C (91.9 F)
199133.9 C (93.0 F)
199230.6 C (87.1 F)
199335.0 C (95.0 F)
199433.9 C (93.0 F)
199532.2 C (90.0 F)
199631.1 C (88.0 F)
199731.7 C (89.1 F)
199831.7 C (89.1 F)
199933.3 C (91.9 F)
200031.1 C (88.0 F)
200134.4 C (93.9 F)
200233.9 C (93.0 F)
200331.7 C (89.1 F)
200430.0 C (86.0 F)
200533.3 C (91.9 F)
200633.9 C (93.0 F)
200733.9 C (93.0 F)
200831.7 C (89.1 F)
2009n/a
2010n/a
201134.4 C (93.9 F)
201233.3 C (91.9 F)
201333.3 C (91.9 F)
201431.7 C (89.1 F)
201532.8 C (91.0 F)
201634.4 C (93.9 F)
201731.1 C (88.0 F)
201833.9 C (93.0 F)
201932.2 C (90.0 F)
202034.4 C (93.9 F)
202132.8 C (91.0 F)
202232.8 C (91.0 F)
202332.2 C (90.0 F)
202432.8 C (91.0 F)
202533.9 C (93.0 F)
202632.8 C (91.0 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Batavia by year The coldest night of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is -33.3 C (-27.9 F) in 1934, marked on the chart; the median year is -22.8 C (-9.0 F). -35-30-25-20-15-10192019401960198020002020Record: -33.3 C (-27.9 F) in 1934
The coldest night of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is -33.3 C (-27.9 F) in 1934, marked on the chart; the median year is -22.8 C (-9.0 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Batavia by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1911n/a
1912n/a
1913n/a
1914n/a
1915n/a
1916n/a
1917n/a
1918n/a
1919n/a
1920n/a
1921n/a
1922n/a
1923n/a
1924n/a
1925n/a
1926n/a
1927n/a
1928n/a
1929n/a
1930n/a
1931n/a
1932-15.6 C (3.9 F)
1933-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1934-33.3 C (-27.9 F)
1935-21.7 C (-7.1 F)
1936-21.1 C (-6.0 F)
1937-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1938-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
1939-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1940-20.0 C (-4.0 F)
1941-16.7 C (1.9 F)
1942-27.2 C (-17.0 F)
1943-27.2 C (-17.0 F)
1944-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1945-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1946-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1947-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1948-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1949-16.7 C (1.9 F)
1950-21.1 C (-6.0 F)
1951-21.1 C (-6.0 F)
1952-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1953-18.3 C (-0.9 F)
1954-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1955-21.7 C (-7.1 F)
1956-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1957-31.1 C (-24.0 F)
1958-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
1959-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
1960-25.6 C (-14.1 F)
1961-30.0 C (-22.0 F)
1962-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1963-26.1 C (-15.0 F)
1964-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
1965-25.0 C (-13.0 F)
1966-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
1967-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1968-29.4 C (-20.9 F)
1969-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1970-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
1971-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
1972-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1973-21.7 C (-7.1 F)
1974-20.0 C (-4.0 F)
1975-15.6 C (3.9 F)
1976-27.2 C (-17.0 F)
1977-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1978-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1979-31.7 C (-25.1 F)
1980-27.8 C (-18.0 F)
1981-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1982-27.2 C (-17.0 F)
1983-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1984-30.0 C (-22.0 F)
1985-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
1986-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1987-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1988-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1989-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
1990-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1991-21.1 C (-6.0 F)
1992-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1993-25.6 C (-14.1 F)
1994-28.9 C (-20.0 F)
1995-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
1996-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
1997-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
1998-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1999-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
2000-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
2001-13.9 C (7.0 F)
2002-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
2003-21.7 C (-7.1 F)
2004-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
2005-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
2006-17.2 C (1.0 F)
2007-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
2008-17.8 C (0.0 F)
2009-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
2010-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
2011-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
2012-17.2 C (1.0 F)
2013-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
2014-22.8 C (-9.0 F)
2015-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
2016-26.1 C (-15.0 F)
2017-25.0 C (-13.0 F)
2018-26.1 C (-15.0 F)
2019-27.8 C (-18.0 F)
2020-25.6 C (-14.1 F)
2021-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
2022-28.9 C (-20.0 F)
2023-23.9 C (-11.0 F)
2024-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
2025-23.3 C (-9.9 F)
2026-23.3 C (-9.9 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Batavia by year The wettest day of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 140.2 mm (5.5 in) in 1926, marked on the chart; the median year is 48.2 mm (1.9 in). 050100150192019401960198020002020Record: 140.2 mm (5.5 in) in 1926
The wettest day of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 140.2 mm (5.5 in) in 1926, marked on the chart; the median year is 48.2 mm (1.9 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Batavia by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
191140.6 mm (1.6 in)
191211.4 mm (0.4 in)
1913127.0 mm (5.0 in)
191440.6 mm (1.6 in)
191535.6 mm (1.4 in)
191671.4 mm (2.8 in)
191733.0 mm (1.3 in)
191831.8 mm (1.3 in)
191974.9 mm (2.9 in)
192063.5 mm (2.5 in)
192150.0 mm (2.0 in)
192264.8 mm (2.6 in)
192335.6 mm (1.4 in)
192471.1 mm (2.8 in)
192557.4 mm (2.3 in)
1926140.2 mm (5.5 in)
192753.3 mm (2.1 in)
192838.6 mm (1.5 in)
192985.3 mm (3.4 in)
193050.8 mm (2.0 in)
193150.3 mm (2.0 in)
193246.5 mm (1.8 in)
193389.2 mm (3.5 in)
193428.2 mm (1.1 in)
193531.0 mm (1.2 in)
193647.8 mm (1.9 in)
193752.1 mm (2.1 in)
193848.8 mm (1.9 in)
193934.0 mm (1.3 in)
194048.0 mm (1.9 in)
194163.2 mm (2.5 in)
194242.9 mm (1.7 in)
194327.4 mm (1.1 in)
194456.4 mm (2.2 in)
194564.0 mm (2.5 in)
194650.8 mm (2.0 in)
194743.4 mm (1.7 in)
194829.7 mm (1.2 in)
194975.2 mm (3.0 in)
195044.7 mm (1.8 in)
195132.8 mm (1.3 in)
195251.8 mm (2.0 in)
195342.4 mm (1.7 in)
195446.7 mm (1.8 in)
195562.2 mm (2.4 in)
195662.5 mm (2.5 in)
195747.2 mm (1.9 in)
195829.5 mm (1.2 in)
195948.0 mm (1.9 in)
196034.8 mm (1.4 in)
196140.9 mm (1.6 in)
196266.8 mm (2.6 in)
196337.6 mm (1.5 in)
196438.1 mm (1.5 in)
196527.4 mm (1.1 in)
196641.4 mm (1.6 in)
196769.9 mm (2.8 in)
196856.9 mm (2.2 in)
196933.0 mm (1.3 in)
197048.8 mm (1.9 in)
197150.8 mm (2.0 in)
197245.5 mm (1.8 in)
197333.8 mm (1.3 in)
197481.5 mm (3.2 in)
197565.5 mm (2.6 in)
197654.9 mm (2.2 in)
197763.2 mm (2.5 in)
197830.2 mm (1.2 in)
1979116.8 mm (4.6 in)
198050.0 mm (2.0 in)
198186.4 mm (3.4 in)
198248.3 mm (1.9 in)
198339.1 mm (1.5 in)
198446.7 mm (1.8 in)
198539.4 mm (1.6 in)
198626.4 mm (1.0 in)
198743.7 mm (1.7 in)
198852.8 mm (2.1 in)
198933.8 mm (1.3 in)
199034.8 mm (1.4 in)
199147.0 mm (1.9 in)
199259.7 mm (2.4 in)
199327.9 mm (1.1 in)
199440.9 mm (1.6 in)
199558.9 mm (2.3 in)
199659.7 mm (2.4 in)
199750.8 mm (2.0 in)
199878.7 mm (3.1 in)
199938.1 mm (1.5 in)
200047.0 mm (1.9 in)
200150.8 mm (2.0 in)
200262.2 mm (2.4 in)
200341.1 mm (1.6 in)
200457.2 mm (2.3 in)
200576.2 mm (3.0 in)
200650.8 mm (2.0 in)
200776.5 mm (3.0 in)
200836.1 mm (1.4 in)
200941.7 mm (1.6 in)
201052.1 mm (2.1 in)
201153.3 mm (2.1 in)
201245.2 mm (1.8 in)
201349.5 mm (1.9 in)
201471.1 mm (2.8 in)
201554.4 mm (2.1 in)
201648.3 mm (1.9 in)
201737.1 mm (1.5 in)
201859.7 mm (2.4 in)
201938.1 mm (1.5 in)
202050.8 mm (2.0 in)
202176.2 mm (3.0 in)
202237.6 mm (1.5 in)
202334.8 mm (1.4 in)
202434.3 mm (1.4 in)
202531.5 mm (1.2 in)
202637.8 mm (1.5 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Batavia by year The wettest five days of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 121.7 mm (4.8 in) in 2021, marked on the chart; the median year is 72.4 mm (2.9 in). 050100150192019401960198020002020Record: 121.7 mm (4.8 in) in 2021
The wettest five days of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 121.7 mm (4.8 in) in 2021, marked on the chart; the median year is 72.4 mm (2.9 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Batavia by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
191149.7 mm (2.0 in)
1912n/a
1913n/a
191470.4 mm (2.8 in)
1915n/a
191648.3 mm (1.9 in)
191750.8 mm (2.0 in)
191851.1 mm (2.0 in)
191922.9 mm (0.9 in)
192020.3 mm (0.8 in)
1921n/a
1922n/a
1923n/a
19240.0 mm (0.00 in)
19250.0 mm (0.00 in)
1926n/a
1927n/a
1928n/a
192939.4 mm (1.6 in)
193041.4 mm (1.6 in)
193169.1 mm (2.7 in)
193279.5 mm (3.1 in)
193390.7 mm (3.6 in)
193439.1 mm (1.5 in)
193543.0 mm (1.7 in)
193677.0 mm (3.0 in)
193779.8 mm (3.1 in)
193853.6 mm (2.1 in)
193951.1 mm (2.0 in)
194060.7 mm (2.4 in)
194178.9 mm (3.1 in)
194291.1 mm (3.6 in)
194350.9 mm (2.0 in)
194489.1 mm (3.5 in)
194586.1 mm (3.4 in)
194672.3 mm (2.8 in)
194755.4 mm (2.2 in)
194853.5 mm (2.1 in)
194981.6 mm (3.2 in)
195067.5 mm (2.7 in)
195153.9 mm (2.1 in)
195275.4 mm (3.0 in)
195349.5 mm (1.9 in)
195466.8 mm (2.6 in)
1955103.5 mm (4.1 in)
1956111.5 mm (4.4 in)
195771.4 mm (2.8 in)
195846.0 mm (1.8 in)
195964.0 mm (2.5 in)
196042.3 mm (1.7 in)
196172.9 mm (2.9 in)
196283.8 mm (3.3 in)
196358.4 mm (2.3 in)
196470.4 mm (2.8 in)
196539.9 mm (1.6 in)
196654.7 mm (2.2 in)
1967111.6 mm (4.4 in)
196884.0 mm (3.3 in)
196949.7 mm (2.0 in)
1970115.1 mm (4.5 in)
197178.7 mm (3.1 in)
197281.8 mm (3.2 in)
197362.3 mm (2.5 in)
197494.5 mm (3.7 in)
197576.4 mm (3.0 in)
197679.6 mm (3.1 in)
1977112.5 mm (4.4 in)
197872.7 mm (2.9 in)
1979121.4 mm (4.8 in)
198078.8 mm (3.1 in)
1981114.1 mm (4.5 in)
198272.5 mm (2.9 in)
198366.8 mm (2.6 in)
198485.3 mm (3.4 in)
198590.7 mm (3.6 in)
198659.9 mm (2.4 in)
198765.8 mm (2.6 in)
198877.9 mm (3.1 in)
198962.8 mm (2.5 in)
199073.1 mm (2.9 in)
199182.1 mm (3.2 in)
199299.3 mm (3.9 in)
199355.8 mm (2.2 in)
199483.0 mm (3.3 in)
199561.5 mm (2.4 in)
1996101.2 mm (4.0 in)
199760.2 mm (2.4 in)
1998105.4 mm (4.1 in)
199972.4 mm (2.9 in)
200072.6 mm (2.9 in)
200171.9 mm (2.8 in)
200281.3 mm (3.2 in)
200351.3 mm (2.0 in)
200487.6 mm (3.4 in)
200584.1 mm (3.3 in)
200683.6 mm (3.3 in)
200786.7 mm (3.4 in)
200888.4 mm (3.5 in)
200971.6 mm (2.8 in)
201071.9 mm (2.8 in)
201180.8 mm (3.2 in)
201284.1 mm (3.3 in)
201396.0 mm (3.8 in)
201487.0 mm (3.4 in)
201569.1 mm (2.7 in)
201685.1 mm (3.4 in)
201776.0 mm (3.0 in)
201882.1 mm (3.2 in)
201954.6 mm (2.1 in)
202066.5 mm (2.6 in)
2021121.7 mm (4.8 in)
202249.2 mm (1.9 in)
202353.4 mm (2.1 in)
202469.6 mm (2.7 in)
202562.2 mm (2.4 in)
202677.2 mm (3.0 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Batavia by year The longest dry spell of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 29 days in 1995, marked on the chart; the median year is 14 days. 0102030192019401960198020002020Record: 29 days in 1995
The longest dry spell of the year at Batavia, 1911 to 2026. The record is 29 days in 1995, marked on the chart; the median year is 14 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Batavia by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
19113 days
19121 day
19131 day
19142 days
19153 days
19163 days
19172 days
19182 days
19194 days
19204 days
19214 days
19223 days
19234 days
19245 days
19255 days
19263 days
19273 days
19282 days
19294 days
19306 days
193114 days
193215 days
193322 days
193417 days
193519 days
193614 days
193718 days
193814 days
193925 days
194013 days
194114 days
194221 days
194313 days
194417 days
194511 days
194612 days
194718 days
194817 days
194913 days
195013 days
195115 days
195216 days
195316 days
195413 days
195513 days
195615 days
195724 days
195814 days
195916 days
196020 days
196113 days
196214 days
196327 days
196411 days
196514 days
196616 days
196716 days
196819 days
196919 days
197016 days
197119 days
197212 days
197314 days
197420 days
197518 days
197615 days
197714 days
197818 days
197911 days
198016 days
198115 days
198217 days
198323 days
198414 days
198513 days
198615 days
198722 days
198817 days
198912 days
199011 days
199118 days
199211 days
199310 days
199416 days
199529 days
199614 days
199714 days
199812 days
199921 days
200022 days
200125 days
200223 days
200314 days
200420 days
200519 days
200616 days
200716 days
200812 days
200922 days
201012 days
201121 days
201215 days
201314 days
201417 days
201519 days
201619 days
201718 days
201818 days
201912 days
202013 days
202114 days
202211 days
202320 days
202416 days
202515 days
202611 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Frost Dates and Growing Season

84 years with a frost

Across 84 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Batavia falls on 1 May and the median first autumn frost on 12 October, which leaves a median of 162 days between them.

In 1990 to 2025 the median growing season was 171 days. That is 10 days more than in 1932 to 1963.

Fitted over all years, the growing season changes by +2.1 days per decade at this station.

Frost dates and growing season at Batavia
MeasureMedian, all yearsEarliest period (1932 to 1963)Recent period (1990 to 2025)Recent against earliestFitted trend
Last spring frost1 May3 May29 April4 days earlier-0.4 days per decade
First autumn frost12 October8 October18 October10 days later+1.7 days per decade
Growing days162 days161 days171 days10 days more+2.1 days per decade

A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.

Rainfall Return Levels

90 years, 1932 to 2025

A day with at least 46.4 mm (1.8 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 99.3 mm (3.9 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Batavia: the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years46.4 mm (1.8 in)
5 years60.2 mm (2.4 in)
10 years69.5 mm (2.7 in)
25 years81.4 mm (3.2 in)
50 years90.3 mm (3.6 in)
100 years99.3 mm (3.9 in)Longer than the 90 years of record

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 90 years of values from 1932 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 116.8 mm (4.6 in) in 1979; 89.2 mm (3.5 in) in 1933; 81.5 mm (3.2 in) in 1974.

Station Changes

No change in the annual mean temperature of this station was found against its neighbours.

Climate Twins

2007 to 2025 against 1961 to 1990

Over 2007 to 2025, Batavia had a mean temperature of 9.7 C (49.5 F) and 910.9 mm (35.9 in) of rain a year. The 3 stations whose 1961 to 1990 climate was closest to that are Cleveland (United States, 353 km away), Norwalk Wwtp (United States, 416 km away) and Coshocton Ag Rsch STN (United States, 422 km away).

Climate twins of Batavia: stations whose 1961 to 1990 climate is closest to its 2007 to 2025 climate
Twin stationCountryDistance awayMean temperature, 1961-1990Rain a year, 1961-1990Climate difference
ClevelandUnited States353 km (219 mi)9.8 C (49.6 F)931.3 mm (36.7 in)0.62
Norwalk WwtpUnited States416 km (258 mi)9.5 C (49.0 F)905.1 mm (35.6 in)0.63
Coshocton Ag Rsch STNUnited States422 km (262 mi)9.9 C (49.8 F)927.2 mm (36.5 in)0.64

Twins are stations, not cities. A twin is one of the three stations at least 100 km away whose earlier climate is closest to this station's recent one, so a close match does not mean the two places look alike in other ways. A station move or a gap in a record can change that station's averages. The list describes past climate; it is not a forecast and does not say what caused any change. How twins are found, and a search for any station.

Download the Data

  • Data for Batavia standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Batavia threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-13 (13 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-12).