Jeddo 3S Weather Records (USC00414575)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Jeddo 3S (USC00414575), Texas, United States, with 78 years of record.
Key Facts for Jeddo 3S
- Jeddo 3S (USC00414575) is a weather station in Texas, United States at 29.77 latitude and -97.32 longitude, 127 m (415 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1940 to 2017, 78 years of record.
- 224 records set at Jeddo 3S still stand.
- Records are tracked for prcp, snow, snwd: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- Jeddo 3S set a daily record precipitation of 48.3 mm (1.9 in) on 8 December 2017.
About the Station
- Location: Texas, United States, 29.77 latitude, -97.32 longitude.
- Elevation: 127 m (415 ft).
- Period of record: 1940 to 2017, 78 years.
- Eligible elements: prcp, snow, snwd.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| May | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | 35.6 C (96.1 F) | 19.4 C (66.9 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | 41.1 C (106.0 F) | 21.1 C (70.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | 35.0 C (95.0 F) | 17.2 C (63.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
224 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|---|
| 1947 | 224 |
All-Time Record Progression
2 new records| Date | Kind | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| 1976-04-05 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 216.2 mm (8.5 in) |
| 1981-08-31 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 223.8 mm (8.8 in) |
Wettest Day of Each Month
Aug: 223.8 mm (8.8 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 68.6 mm (2.7 in) | 17 January 1945 |
| Feb | 91.4 mm (3.6 in) | 22 February 1958 |
| Mar | 120.4 mm (4.7 in) | 4 March 1992 |
| Apr | 216.2 mm (8.5 in) | 5 April 1976 |
| May | 134.4 mm (5.3 in) | 27 May 2014 |
| Jun | 129.8 mm (5.1 in) | 30 June 1940 |
| Jul | 139.7 mm (5.5 in) | 6 July 1942 |
| Aug | 223.8 mm (8.8 in) | 31 August 1981 |
| Sep | 137.4 mm (5.4 in) | 25 September 1957 |
| Oct | 180.3 mm (7.1 in) | 25 October 2015 |
| Nov | 218.4 mm (8.6 in) | 23 November 2004 |
| Dec | 91.9 mm (3.6 in) | 21 December 1991 |
Period of Record Coverage
1947 to 1947| Year | Days with data | Share of year | Complete |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 | 56 | 15% | No |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 December 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) | 22.6 mm (0.9 in) | 56 years | 40 of 100 (Notable) |
| 8 December 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | all-time snowfall (Tie) | 7.6 cm (3.0 in) | tie | 68 years | 11 of 100 (Routine) |
| 8 December 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | all-time snow depth (Tie) | 7.6 cm (3.0 in) | tie | 68 years | 11 of 100 (Routine) |
| 27 August 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 170.2 mm (6.7 in) | 133.9 mm (5.3 in) | 48 years | 61 of 100 (Major) |
| 26 August 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 219.7 mm (8.6 in) | 76.2 mm (3.0 in) | 70 years | 65 of 100 (Major) |
| 7 August 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 37.6 mm (1.5 in) | 9.4 mm (0.37 in) | 19 years | 16 of 100 (Routine) |
| 12 April 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) | 3.3 mm (0.13 in) | 48 years | 22 of 100 (Routine) |
| 20 February 2017 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 36.8 mm (1.4 in) | 10.1 mm (0.4 in) | 72 years | 36 of 100 (Notable) |
| 5 December 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 54.6 mm (2.1 in) | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) | 5 years | 37 of 100 (Notable) |
| 4 December 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 37.3 mm (1.5 in) | 4.3 mm (0.17 in) | 72 years | 31 of 100 (Routine) |
| 26 September 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 77.5 mm (3.1 in) | 37.9 mm (1.5 in) | 46 years | 39 of 100 (Notable) |
| 20 August 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 84.6 mm (3.3 in) | 31.0 mm (1.2 in) | 8 years | 24 of 100 (Routine) |
| 16 August 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 19.1 mm (0.8 in) | 9.4 mm (0.37 in) | 11 years | 14 of 100 (Routine) |
| 15 August 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 68.8 mm (2.7 in) | 30.4 mm (1.2 in) | 21 years | 28 of 100 (Routine) |
| 31 July 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) | 8.6 mm (0.34 in) | 19 years | 17 of 100 (Routine) |
| 17 April 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 81.3 mm (3.2 in) | 3.1 mm (0.12 in) | 66 years | 27 of 100 (Routine) |
| 13 April 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) | 41.1 mm (1.6 in) | 66 years | 44 of 100 (Notable) |
| 10 March 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) | 8.7 mm (0.34 in) | 64 years | 31 of 100 (Routine) |
| 23 February 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain (Tie) | 33.8 mm (1.3 in) | tie | 58 years | 6 of 100 (Routine) |
| 5 January 2016 | Jeddo 3S, US | daily rain | 17.8 mm (0.7 in) | 0.3 mm (0.01 in) | 69 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
Extremes by Year
1940 to 2017| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hottest day (TXx) | 41.1 C (106.0 F) | 1947 | 41.1 C (106.0 F) | 1 |
| Coldest night (TNn) | 17.2 C (63.0 F) | 1947 | 17.2 C (63.0 F) | 1 |
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 223.8 mm (8.8 in) | 1981 | 94.7 mm (3.7 in) | 78 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 416.6 mm (16.4 in) | 2017 | 122.1 mm (4.8 in) | 78 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 74 days | 1947 | 31 days | 78 |
Hottest day (TXx)
| Year | Hottest day (TXx) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | n/a |
| 1941 | n/a |
| 1942 | n/a |
| 1943 | n/a |
| 1944 | n/a |
| 1945 | n/a |
| 1946 | n/a |
| 1947 | 41.1 C (106.0 F) |
| 1948 | n/a |
| 1949 | n/a |
| 1950 | n/a |
| 1951 | n/a |
| 1952 | n/a |
| 1953 | n/a |
| 1954 | n/a |
| 1955 | n/a |
| 1956 | n/a |
| 1957 | n/a |
| 1958 | n/a |
| 1959 | n/a |
| 1960 | n/a |
| 1961 | n/a |
| 1962 | n/a |
| 1963 | n/a |
| 1964 | n/a |
| 1965 | n/a |
| 1966 | n/a |
| 1967 | n/a |
| 1968 | n/a |
| 1969 | n/a |
| 1970 | n/a |
| 1971 | n/a |
| 1972 | n/a |
| 1973 | n/a |
| 1974 | n/a |
| 1975 | n/a |
| 1976 | n/a |
| 1977 | n/a |
| 1978 | n/a |
| 1979 | n/a |
| 1980 | n/a |
| 1981 | n/a |
| 1982 | n/a |
| 1983 | n/a |
| 1984 | n/a |
| 1985 | n/a |
| 1986 | n/a |
| 1987 | n/a |
| 1988 | n/a |
| 1989 | n/a |
| 1990 | n/a |
| 1991 | n/a |
| 1992 | n/a |
| 1993 | n/a |
| 1994 | n/a |
| 1995 | n/a |
| 1996 | n/a |
| 1997 | n/a |
| 1998 | n/a |
| 1999 | n/a |
| 2000 | n/a |
| 2001 | n/a |
| 2002 | n/a |
| 2003 | n/a |
| 2004 | n/a |
| 2005 | n/a |
| 2006 | n/a |
| 2007 | n/a |
| 2008 | n/a |
| 2009 | n/a |
| 2010 | n/a |
| 2011 | n/a |
| 2012 | n/a |
| 2013 | n/a |
| 2014 | n/a |
| 2015 | n/a |
| 2016 | n/a |
| 2017 | n/a |
Coldest night (TNn)
| Year | Coldest night (TNn) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | n/a |
| 1941 | n/a |
| 1942 | n/a |
| 1943 | n/a |
| 1944 | n/a |
| 1945 | n/a |
| 1946 | n/a |
| 1947 | 17.2 C (63.0 F) |
| 1948 | n/a |
| 1949 | n/a |
| 1950 | n/a |
| 1951 | n/a |
| 1952 | n/a |
| 1953 | n/a |
| 1954 | n/a |
| 1955 | n/a |
| 1956 | n/a |
| 1957 | n/a |
| 1958 | n/a |
| 1959 | n/a |
| 1960 | n/a |
| 1961 | n/a |
| 1962 | n/a |
| 1963 | n/a |
| 1964 | n/a |
| 1965 | n/a |
| 1966 | n/a |
| 1967 | n/a |
| 1968 | n/a |
| 1969 | n/a |
| 1970 | n/a |
| 1971 | n/a |
| 1972 | n/a |
| 1973 | n/a |
| 1974 | n/a |
| 1975 | n/a |
| 1976 | n/a |
| 1977 | n/a |
| 1978 | n/a |
| 1979 | n/a |
| 1980 | n/a |
| 1981 | n/a |
| 1982 | n/a |
| 1983 | n/a |
| 1984 | n/a |
| 1985 | n/a |
| 1986 | n/a |
| 1987 | n/a |
| 1988 | n/a |
| 1989 | n/a |
| 1990 | n/a |
| 1991 | n/a |
| 1992 | n/a |
| 1993 | n/a |
| 1994 | n/a |
| 1995 | n/a |
| 1996 | n/a |
| 1997 | n/a |
| 1998 | n/a |
| 1999 | n/a |
| 2000 | n/a |
| 2001 | n/a |
| 2002 | n/a |
| 2003 | n/a |
| 2004 | n/a |
| 2005 | n/a |
| 2006 | n/a |
| 2007 | n/a |
| 2008 | n/a |
| 2009 | n/a |
| 2010 | n/a |
| 2011 | n/a |
| 2012 | n/a |
| 2013 | n/a |
| 2014 | n/a |
| 2015 | n/a |
| 2016 | n/a |
| 2017 | n/a |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 129.8 mm (5.1 in) |
| 1941 | 73.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1942 | 139.7 mm (5.5 in) |
| 1943 | 81.3 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1944 | 94.0 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1945 | 101.9 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1946 | 95.3 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1947 | 143.5 mm (5.6 in) |
| 1948 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1949 | 78.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1950 | 110.2 mm (4.3 in) |
| 1951 | 101.6 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1952 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1953 | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1954 | 99.1 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1955 | 101.1 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1956 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1957 | 137.4 mm (5.4 in) |
| 1958 | 91.4 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1959 | 62.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1960 | 129.8 mm (5.1 in) |
| 1961 | 113.0 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1962 | 42.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1963 | 91.4 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1964 | 117.3 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1965 | 107.7 mm (4.2 in) |
| 1966 | 65.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1967 | 124.5 mm (4.9 in) |
| 1968 | 113.8 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1969 | 74.2 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1970 | 70.4 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1971 | 85.6 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1972 | 111.5 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1973 | 116.1 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1974 | 82.3 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1975 | 102.4 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1976 | 216.2 mm (8.5 in) |
| 1977 | 159.5 mm (6.3 in) |
| 1978 | 93.2 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1979 | 55.4 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1980 | 84.8 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1981 | 223.8 mm (8.8 in) |
| 1982 | 83.1 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1983 | 111.5 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1984 | 66.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1985 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1986 | 69.6 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1987 | 129.0 mm (5.1 in) |
| 1988 | 84.8 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1989 | 115.6 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1990 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1991 | 91.9 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1992 | 120.4 mm (4.7 in) |
| 1993 | 122.4 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1994 | 61.2 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1995 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1996 | 55.1 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1997 | 103.1 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1998 | 162.6 mm (6.4 in) |
| 1999 | 73.7 mm (2.9 in) |
| 2000 | 72.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 2001 | 54.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 2002 | 173.2 mm (6.8 in) |
| 2003 | 100.3 mm (3.9 in) |
| 2004 | 218.4 mm (8.6 in) |
| 2005 | 61.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 2006 | 54.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 2007 | 117.1 mm (4.6 in) |
| 2008 | 53.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 2009 | 72.6 mm (2.9 in) |
| 2010 | 125.0 mm (4.9 in) |
| 2011 | 69.6 mm (2.7 in) |
| 2012 | 108.0 mm (4.3 in) |
| 2013 | 114.3 mm (4.5 in) |
| 2014 | 134.4 mm (5.3 in) |
| 2015 | 180.3 mm (7.1 in) |
| 2016 | 84.6 mm (3.3 in) |
| 2017 | 219.7 mm (8.6 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 233.8 mm (9.2 in) |
| 1941 | 132.1 mm (5.2 in) |
| 1942 | 276.3 mm (10.9 in) |
| 1943 | 91.7 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1944 | 131.1 mm (5.2 in) |
| 1945 | 190.8 mm (7.5 in) |
| 1946 | 159.7 mm (6.3 in) |
| 1947 | 72.6 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1948 | 73.2 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1949 | 116.0 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1950 | 144.5 mm (5.7 in) |
| 1951 | 113.3 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1952 | 117.6 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1953 | 103.1 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1954 | 99.1 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1955 | 110.2 mm (4.3 in) |
| 1956 | 71.1 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1957 | 303.2 mm (11.9 in) |
| 1958 | 143.2 mm (5.6 in) |
| 1959 | 115.1 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1960 | 221.7 mm (8.7 in) |
| 1961 | 200.5 mm (7.9 in) |
| 1962 | 88.6 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1963 | 94.4 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1964 | 137.9 mm (5.4 in) |
| 1965 | 108.5 mm (4.3 in) |
| 1966 | 80.5 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1967 | 199.9 mm (7.9 in) |
| 1968 | 136.2 mm (5.4 in) |
| 1969 | 95.2 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1970 | 89.9 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1971 | 93.6 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1972 | 165.3 mm (6.5 in) |
| 1973 | 202.1 mm (8.0 in) |
| 1974 | 85.4 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1975 | 112.1 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1976 | 245.4 mm (9.7 in) |
| 1977 | 265.9 mm (10.5 in) |
| 1978 | 156.0 mm (6.1 in) |
| 1979 | 96.8 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1980 | 122.4 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1981 | 312.4 mm (12.3 in) |
| 1982 | 139.2 mm (5.5 in) |
| 1983 | 115.1 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1984 | 115.1 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1985 | 105.0 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1986 | 131.9 mm (5.2 in) |
| 1987 | 214.3 mm (8.4 in) |
| 1988 | 85.1 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1989 | 154.4 mm (6.1 in) |
| 1990 | 81.7 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1991 | 220.7 mm (8.7 in) |
| 1992 | 200.4 mm (7.9 in) |
| 1993 | 133.6 mm (5.3 in) |
| 1994 | 113.7 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1995 | 121.8 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1996 | 78.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1997 | 231.9 mm (9.1 in) |
| 1998 | 393.0 mm (15.5 in) |
| 1999 | 77.5 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2000 | 102.8 mm (4.0 in) |
| 2001 | 160.8 mm (6.3 in) |
| 2002 | 180.8 mm (7.1 in) |
| 2003 | 105.9 mm (4.2 in) |
| 2004 | 270.3 mm (10.6 in) |
| 2005 | 96.6 mm (3.8 in) |
| 2006 | 62.8 mm (2.5 in) |
| 2007 | 117.1 mm (4.6 in) |
| 2008 | 78.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2009 | 121.1 mm (4.8 in) |
| 2010 | 127.8 mm (5.0 in) |
| 2011 | 77.7 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2012 | 108.0 mm (4.3 in) |
| 2013 | 123.2 mm (4.9 in) |
| 2014 | 164.8 mm (6.5 in) |
| 2015 | 228.6 mm (9.0 in) |
| 2016 | 169.5 mm (6.7 in) |
| 2017 | 416.6 mm (16.4 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1940 | 32 days |
| 1941 | 20 days |
| 1942 | 28 days |
| 1943 | 39 days |
| 1944 | 29 days |
| 1945 | 30 days |
| 1946 | 25 days |
| 1947 | 74 days |
| 1948 | 46 days |
| 1949 | 36 days |
| 1950 | 58 days |
| 1951 | 26 days |
| 1952 | 60 days |
| 1953 | 48 days |
| 1954 | 39 days |
| 1955 | 33 days |
| 1956 | 41 days |
| 1957 | 50 days |
| 1958 | 53 days |
| 1959 | 20 days |
| 1960 | 29 days |
| 1961 | 22 days |
| 1962 | 47 days |
| 1963 | 33 days |
| 1964 | 25 days |
| 1965 | 22 days |
| 1966 | 22 days |
| 1967 | 33 days |
| 1968 | 24 days |
| 1969 | 29 days |
| 1970 | 28 days |
| 1971 | 49 days |
| 1972 | 30 days |
| 1973 | 20 days |
| 1974 | 29 days |
| 1975 | 35 days |
| 1976 | 17 days |
| 1977 | 38 days |
| 1978 | 45 days |
| 1979 | 31 days |
| 1980 | 42 days |
| 1981 | 20 days |
| 1982 | 28 days |
| 1983 | 34 days |
| 1984 | 50 days |
| 1985 | 66 days |
| 1986 | 24 days |
| 1987 | 47 days |
| 1988 | 27 days |
| 1989 | 22 days |
| 1990 | 20 days |
| 1991 | 23 days |
| 1992 | 23 days |
| 1993 | 65 days |
| 1994 | 22 days |
| 1995 | 26 days |
| 1996 | 28 days |
| 1997 | 33 days |
| 1998 | 32 days |
| 1999 | 31 days |
| 2000 | 27 days |
| 2001 | 34 days |
| 2002 | 34 days |
| 2003 | 24 days |
| 2004 | 24 days |
| 2005 | 36 days |
| 2006 | 28 days |
| 2007 | 27 days |
| 2008 | 37 days |
| 2009 | 21 days |
| 2010 | 38 days |
| 2011 | 70 days |
| 2012 | 22 days |
| 2013 | 26 days |
| 2014 | 26 days |
| 2015 | 43 days |
| 2016 | 37 days |
| 2017 | 41 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Rainfall Return Levels
73 years, 1941 to 2017A day with at least 92.6 mm (3.6 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 247.0 mm (9.7 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
| Expected about once in | A day with at least | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2 years | 92.6 mm (3.6 in) | |
| 5 years | 129.0 mm (5.1 in) | |
| 10 years | 155.0 mm (6.1 in) | |
| 25 years | 190.0 mm (7.5 in) | |
| 50 years | 217.8 mm (8.6 in) | |
| 100 years | 247.0 mm (9.7 in) | Longer than the 73 years of record |
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 73 years of values from 1941 to 2017.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 223.8 mm (8.8 in) in 1981; 219.7 mm (8.6 in) in 2017; 218.4 mm (8.6 in) in 2004.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).