Built 2026-10-16 (16 October 2026)

Garmisch-Partenkirchen Weather Records (GMM00010963)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Garmisch-Partenkirchen (GMM00010963), Germany, with 91 years of record.

Key Facts for Garmisch-Partenkirchen

  • Garmisch-Partenkirchen (GMM00010963) is a weather station in Germany at 47.48 latitude and 11.06 longitude, 719 m (2,359 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1936 to 2026, 91 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Garmisch-Partenkirchen still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp, snwd: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Garmisch-Partenkirchen set a daily record high maximum temperature of 33.0 C (91.4 F) on 28 August 2026 (provisional).

Provisional Records

Records set in the last 60 days are provisional until they clear the revision window.

About the Station

  • Location: Germany, 47.48 latitude, 11.06 longitude.
  • Elevation: 719 m (2,359 ft).
  • Period of record: 1936 to 2026, 91 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp, snwd.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

15 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 15 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. -40-2002040 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 15 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan19.0 C (66.2 F)-25.8 C (-14.4 F)9.3 C (48.7 F)-16.9 C (1.6 F)
Feb21.4 C (70.5 F)-29.3 C (-20.7 F)18.8 C (65.8 F)-8.2 C (17.2 F)
Mar25.3 C (77.5 F)-21.2 C (-6.2 F)18.1 C (64.6 F)-5.8 C (21.6 F)
Apr29.2 C (84.6 F)-12.6 C (9.3 F)23.1 C (73.6 F)-3.5 C (25.7 F)
May31.7 C (89.1 F)-4.6 C (23.7 F)28.9 C (84.0 F)-1.8 C (28.8 F)
Jun35.1 C (95.2 F)-0.2 C (31.6 F)34.9 C (94.8 F)5.1 C (41.2 F)
Jul36.4 C (97.5 F)3.5 C (38.3 F)35.0 C (95.0 F)7.4 C (45.3 F)
Aug35.7 C (96.3 F)1.8 C (35.2 F)33.7 C (92.7 F)7.2 C (45.0 F)
Sep32.0 C (89.6 F)-2.3 C (27.9 F)n/an/a
Oct27.8 C (82.0 F)-8.2 C (17.2 F)n/an/a
Nov23.7 C (74.7 F)-17.3 C (0.9 F)n/an/a
Dec18.6 C (65.5 F)-24.4 C (-11.9 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by the year they were set 1,464 records at Garmisch-Partenkirchen still stand. 1947 holds the most, with 39. 0102030401936: 231937: 71938: 161939: 151940: 281941: 121942: 221943: 131944: 121945: 61946: 131947: 391948: 181949: 241950: 181951: 131952: 181953: 161954: 171955: 121956: 351957: 201958: 271959: 121960: 141961: 361962: 311963: 61964: 141965: 61966: 301967: 181968: 231969: 331970: 81971: 231972: 171973: 101974: 101975: 151976: 151977: 301978: 151979: 181980: 191981: 151982: 11983: 171984: 81985: 241986: 101987: 221988: 41989: 291990: 151991: 131992: 91993: 171994: 171995: 131996: 101997: 141998: 181999: 32000: 132001: 152002: 162003: 332004: 82005: 142006: 82007: 192008: 162009: 112010: 52011: 152012: 222013: 212014: 82015: 212016: 92017: 162018: 112019: 122020: 42021: 32022: 152023: 172024: 232025: 82026: 151936194619561966197619861996200620162026
1,464 records at Garmisch-Partenkirchen still stand. 1947 holds the most, with 39.
Standing records at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
193623
19377
193816
193915
194028
194112
194222
194313
194412
19456
194613
194739
194818
194924
195018
195113
195218
195316
195417
195512
195635
195720
195827
195912
196014
196136
196231
19636
196414
19656
196630
196718
196823
196933
19708
197123
197217
197310
197410
197515
197615
197730
197815
197918
198019
198115
19821
198317
19848
198524
198610
198722
19884
198929
199015
199113
19929
199317
199417
199513
199610
199714
199818
19993
200013
200115
200216
200333
20048
200514
20068
200719
200816
200911
20105
201115
201222
201321
20148
201521
20169
201716
201811
201912
20204
20213
202215
202317
202423
20258
202615

All-Time Record Progression

6 new records
When Garmisch-Partenkirchen set new all-time records 6 all-time records were set at Garmisch-Partenkirchen between 20 February 1970 and 21 May 1999. Each dot is a new record. Record snow depthRecord high maximum temperatureRecord high minimum temperatureRecord daily precipitation20 February 1970: Record snow depth 104.0 cm (40.9 in)21 January 1981: Record snow depth 110.0 cm (43.3 in)26 July 1983: Record high maximum temperature 36.0 C (96.8 F)11 July 1984: Record high maximum temperature 36.4 C (97.5 F)12 July 1984: Record high minimum temperature 19.7 C (67.5 F)21 May 1999: Record daily precipitation 138.2 mm (5.4 in)1970197519801985199019952000
6 all-time records were set at Garmisch-Partenkirchen between 20 February 1970 and 21 May 1999. Each dot is a new record.
When Garmisch-Partenkirchen set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
1970-02-20Record snow depthRecord snow depth 104.0 cm (40.9 in)
1981-01-21Record snow depthRecord snow depth 110.0 cm (43.3 in)
1983-07-26Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 36.0 C (96.8 F)
1984-07-11Record high maximum temperatureRecord high maximum temperature 36.4 C (97.5 F)
1984-07-12Record high minimum temperatureRecord high minimum temperature 19.7 C (67.5 F)
1999-05-21Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 138.2 mm (5.4 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

May: 138.2 mm (5.4 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Garmisch-Partenkirchen The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The most was 138.2 mm (5.4 in) on 21 May 1999. 050100150 Jan: 59.6 mm (2.3 in), 20 January 1951 Jan Feb: 82.5 mm (3.2 in), 24 February 1957 Feb Mar: 72.8 mm (2.9 in), 19 March 2002 Mar Apr: 36.5 mm (1.4 in), 1 April 1943 Apr May: 138.2 mm (5.4 in), 21 May 1999 May Jun: 94.9 mm (3.7 in), 13 June 1959 Jun Jul: 89.6 mm (3.5 in), 31 July 1977 Jul Aug: 104.8 mm (4.1 in), 22 August 2005 Aug Sep: 60.4 mm (2.4 in), 5 September 1984 Sep Oct: 57.9 mm (2.3 in), 8 October 1964 Oct Nov: 53.8 mm (2.1 in), 6 November 1979 Nov Dec: 55.1 mm (2.2 in), 2 December 1966 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The most was 138.2 mm (5.4 in) on 21 May 1999.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan59.6 mm (2.3 in)20 January 1951
Feb82.5 mm (3.2 in)24 February 1957
Mar72.8 mm (2.9 in)19 March 2002
Apr36.5 mm (1.4 in)1 April 1943
May138.2 mm (5.4 in)21 May 1999
Jun94.9 mm (3.7 in)13 June 1959
Jul89.6 mm (3.5 in)31 July 1977
Aug104.8 mm (4.1 in)22 August 2005
Sep60.4 mm (2.4 in)5 September 1984
Oct57.9 mm (2.3 in)8 October 1964
Nov53.8 mm (2.1 in)6 November 1979
Dec55.1 mm (2.2 in)2 December 1966

Period of Record Coverage

1936 to 2026
Days with data per year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen 91 years of record at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. 3 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1944, 1945, 2026. 1936: 366 of 366 days1937: 365 of 365 days1938: 365 of 365 days1939: 365 of 365 days1940: 366 of 366 days1941: 364 of 365 days1942: 365 of 365 days1943: 365 of 365 days1944: 305 of 366 days1945: 90 of 365 days1946: 365 of 365 days1947: 365 of 365 days1948: 366 of 366 days1949: 361 of 365 days1950: 363 of 365 days1951: 365 of 365 days1952: 366 of 366 days1953: 365 of 365 days1954: 365 of 365 days1955: 365 of 365 days1956: 366 of 366 days1957: 365 of 365 days1958: 365 of 365 days1959: 365 of 365 days1960: 366 of 366 days1961: 365 of 365 days1962: 365 of 365 days1963: 365 of 365 days1964: 366 of 366 days1965: 365 of 365 days1966: 365 of 365 days1967: 365 of 365 days1968: 366 of 366 days1969: 365 of 365 days1970: 365 of 365 days1971: 365 of 365 days1972: 366 of 366 days1973: 365 of 365 days1974: 365 of 365 days1975: 365 of 365 days1976: 366 of 366 days1977: 365 of 365 days1978: 365 of 365 days1979: 365 of 365 days1980: 366 of 366 days1981: 365 of 365 days1982: 365 of 365 days1983: 365 of 365 days1984: 366 of 366 days1985: 365 of 365 days1986: 365 of 365 days1987: 365 of 365 days1988: 366 of 366 days1989: 365 of 365 days1990: 365 of 365 days1991: 365 of 365 days1992: 366 of 366 days1993: 365 of 365 days1994: 365 of 365 days1995: 365 of 365 days1996: 366 of 366 days1997: 365 of 365 days1998: 365 of 365 days1999: 365 of 365 days2000: 366 of 366 days2001: 364 of 365 days2002: 362 of 365 days2003: 364 of 365 days2004: 360 of 366 days2005: 362 of 365 days2006: 365 of 365 days2007: 365 of 365 days2008: 366 of 366 days2009: 365 of 365 days2010: 365 of 365 days2011: 365 of 365 days2012: 366 of 366 days2013: 365 of 365 days2014: 365 of 365 days2015: 365 of 365 days2016: 366 of 366 days2017: 365 of 365 days2018: 365 of 365 days2019: 365 of 365 days2020: 366 of 366 days2021: 365 of 365 days2022: 365 of 365 days2023: 365 of 365 days2024: 366 of 366 days2025: 365 of 365 days2026: 243 of 365 days195019651980199520102025
91 years of record at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. 3 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1944, 1945, 2026.
Days with data per year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
1936366100%Yes
1937365100%Yes
1938365100%Yes
1939365100%Yes
1940366100%Yes
1941364100%Yes
1942365100%Yes
1943365100%Yes
194430583%No
19459025%No
1946365100%Yes
1947365100%Yes
1948366100%Yes
194936199%Yes
195036399%Yes
1951365100%Yes
1952366100%Yes
1953365100%Yes
1954365100%Yes
1955365100%Yes
1956366100%Yes
1957365100%Yes
1958365100%Yes
1959365100%Yes
1960366100%Yes
1961365100%Yes
1962365100%Yes
1963365100%Yes
1964366100%Yes
1965365100%Yes
1966365100%Yes
1967365100%Yes
1968366100%Yes
1969365100%Yes
1970365100%Yes
1971365100%Yes
1972366100%Yes
1973365100%Yes
1974365100%Yes
1975365100%Yes
1976366100%Yes
1977365100%Yes
1978365100%Yes
1979365100%Yes
1980366100%Yes
1981365100%Yes
1982365100%Yes
1983365100%Yes
1984366100%Yes
1985365100%Yes
1986365100%Yes
1987365100%Yes
1988366100%Yes
1989365100%Yes
1990365100%Yes
1991365100%Yes
1992366100%Yes
1993365100%Yes
1994365100%Yes
1995365100%Yes
1996366100%Yes
1997365100%Yes
1998365100%Yes
1999365100%Yes
2000366100%Yes
2001364100%Yes
200236299%Yes
2003364100%Yes
200436098%Yes
200536299%Yes
2006365100%Yes
2007365100%Yes
2008366100%Yes
2009365100%Yes
2010365100%Yes
2011365100%Yes
2012366100%Yes
2013365100%Yes
2014365100%Yes
2015365100%Yes
2016366100%Yes
2017365100%Yes
2018365100%Yes
2019365100%Yes
2020366100%Yes
2021365100%Yes
2022365100%Yes
2023365100%Yes
2024366100%Yes
2025365100%Yes
202624367%No

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
28 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max (Provisional)33.0 C (91.4 F)0.9 C (1.6 F)33 years20 of 100 (Routine)
27 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max (Provisional)31.6 C (88.9 F)1.1 C (2.0 F)24 years18 of 100 (Routine)
16 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high min (Provisional)16.8 C (62.2 F)0.7 C (1.3 F)81 years35 of 100 (Notable)
15 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max32.8 C (91.0 F)2.4 C (4.3 F)0 years14 of 100 (Routine)
10 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high min17.5 C (63.5 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)68 years31 of 100 (Routine)
4 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max33.5 C (92.3 F)1.6 C (2.9 F)23 years18 of 100 (Routine)
3 August 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max33.7 C (92.7 F)0.6 C (1.1 F)83 years34 of 100 (Routine)
31 July 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max34.3 C (93.7 F)2.2 C (4.0 F)43 years25 of 100 (Routine)
30 July 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max35.0 C (95.0 F)2.0 C (3.6 F)79 years36 of 100 (Notable)
28 June 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max32.5 C (90.5 F)1.7 C (3.1 F)32 years21 of 100 (Routine)
28 June 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high min17.3 C (63.1 F)1.3 C (2.3 F)0 years13 of 100 (Routine)
27 June 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max34.9 C (94.8 F)2.6 C (4.7 F)7 years16 of 100 (Routine)
24 June 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max31.7 C (89.1 F)0.1 C (0.2 F)20 years15 of 100 (Routine)
21 June 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max32.0 C (89.6 F)1.6 C (2.9 F)28 years20 of 100 (Routine)
26 May 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max28.9 C (84.0 F)0.3 C (0.5 F)32 years18 of 100 (Routine)
23 May 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max26.8 C (80.2 F)0.5 C (0.9 F)4 years10 of 100 (Routine)
3 May 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max26.1 C (79.0 F)1.4 C (2.5 F)80 years35 of 100 (Notable)
26 March 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily rain18.7 mm (0.7 in)2.1 mm (0.08 in)25 years19 of 100 (Routine)
26 February 2026Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max18.8 C (65.8 F)1.3 C (2.3 F)62 years29 of 100 (Routine)
14 November 2025Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DEdaily high max20.3 C (68.5 F)1.2 C (2.2 F)15 years15 of 100 (Routine)

Climate Trend

88 complete years, 1936 to 2025
Annual mean temperature at Garmisch-Partenkirchen as warming stripes, 1936 to 2025 One stripe for each of 88 complete years at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2025. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 7.9 C (46.2 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1980, at 6.3 C (43.3 F), and the warmest was 2024, at 9.8 C (49.6 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.9 C (3.4 F). 1936: 8.1 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1937: 8.4 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1938: 7.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1939: 7.5 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1940: 6.6 C, -1.3 C from the station mean1941: 6.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1942: 7.5 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1943: 9.0 C, +1.1 C from the station mean1946: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1947: 8.8 C, +0.9 C from the station mean1948: 8.7 C, +0.8 C from the station mean1949: 8.7 C, +0.8 C from the station mean1950: 8.5 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1951: 8.4 C, +0.5 C from the station mean1952: 7.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1953: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1954: 7.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1955: 7.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1956: 6.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1957: 8.3 C, +0.4 C from the station mean1958: 7.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1959: 8.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean1960: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1961: 9.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1962: 7.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1963: 7.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1964: 8.1 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1965: 7.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1966: 8.5 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1967: 8.5 C, +0.6 C from the station mean1968: 6.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1969: 6.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1970: 6.6 C, -1.3 C from the station mean1971: 6.8 C, -1.1 C from the station mean1972: 6.8 C, -1.1 C from the station mean1973: 6.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1974: 7.4 C, -0.5 C from the station mean1975: 7.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1976: 6.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1977: 7.4 C, -0.4 C from the station mean1978: 6.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1979: 7.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1980: 6.3 C, -1.6 C from the station mean1981: 7.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1982: 7.9 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1983: 8.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1984: 6.7 C, -1.1 C from the station mean1985: 6.9 C, -1.0 C from the station mean1986: 7.3 C, -0.6 C from the station mean1987: 7.1 C, -0.8 C from the station mean1988: 8.1 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1989: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1990: 8.0 C, +0.1 C from the station mean1991: 7.0 C, -0.9 C from the station mean1992: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean1993: 7.7 C, -0.2 C from the station mean1994: 9.2 C, +1.3 C from the station mean1995: 7.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean1996: 6.5 C, -1.4 C from the station mean1997: 8.1 C, +0.2 C from the station mean1998: 7.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean1999: 7.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean2000: 8.8 C, +0.9 C from the station mean2001: 7.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean2002: 8.7 C, +0.8 C from the station mean2003: 8.3 C, +0.4 C from the station mean2004: 7.6 C, -0.3 C from the station mean2005: 7.2 C, -0.7 C from the station mean2006: 7.8 C, 0.0 C from the station mean2007: 8.4 C, +0.5 C from the station mean2008: 8.3 C, +0.4 C from the station mean2009: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean2010: 7.2 C, -0.7 C from the station mean2011: 8.7 C, +0.9 C from the station mean2012: 8.2 C, +0.3 C from the station mean2013: 7.8 C, -0.1 C from the station mean2014: 9.3 C, +1.4 C from the station mean2015: 9.0 C, +1.2 C from the station mean2016: 8.8 C, +0.9 C from the station mean2017: 8.6 C, +0.7 C from the station mean2018: 9.4 C, +1.5 C from the station mean2019: 9.1 C, +1.2 C from the station mean2020: 9.0 C, +1.1 C from the station mean2021: 7.9 C, 0.0 C from the station mean2022: 9.4 C, +1.5 C from the station mean2023: 9.6 C, +1.7 C from the station mean2024: 9.8 C, +1.9 C from the station mean2025: 9.0 C, +1.2 C from the station mean1936194019501960197019801990200020102020
One stripe for each of 88 complete years at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2025. Blue stripes are years cooler than the station's own mean of 7.9 C (46.2 F); red stripes are warmer. The coolest year was 1980, at 6.3 C (43.3 F), and the warmest was 2024, at 9.8 C (49.6 F). The strongest colour marks a difference of 1.9 C (3.4 F).
Annual mean temperature at Garmisch-Partenkirchen as warming stripes, 1936 to 2025
YearAnnual mean temperatureDifference from the station mean
19368.1 C+0.25 C
19378.4 C+0.48 C
19387.9 C-0.01 C
19397.5 C-0.36 C
19406.6 C-1.29 C
19416.9 C-1.02 C
19427.5 C-0.36 C
19439.0 C+1.08 C
19468.2 C+0.30 C
19478.8 C+0.86 C
19488.7 C+0.82 C
19498.7 C+0.76 C
19508.5 C+0.65 C
19518.4 C+0.51 C
19527.3 C-0.56 C
19538.2 C+0.27 C
19547.3 C-0.57 C
19557.4 C-0.48 C
19566.5 C-1.38 C
19578.3 C+0.43 C
19587.9 C+0.03 C
19598.6 C+0.68 C
19608.2 C+0.26 C
19619.1 C+1.24 C
19627.0 C-0.86 C
19637.1 C-0.77 C
19648.1 C+0.16 C
19657.4 C-0.50 C
19668.5 C+0.58 C
19678.5 C+0.56 C
19686.9 C-1.01 C
19696.5 C-1.44 C
19706.6 C-1.32 C
19716.8 C-1.10 C
19726.8 C-1.10 C
19736.5 C-1.41 C
19747.4 C-0.46 C
19757.1 C-0.76 C
19766.9 C-1.03 C
19777.4 C-0.45 C
19786.5 C-1.42 C
19797.1 C-0.78 C
19806.3 C-1.59 C
19817.0 C-0.87 C
19827.9 C+0.05 C
19838.0 C+0.08 C
19846.7 C-1.15 C
19856.9 C-1.02 C
19867.3 C-0.63 C
19877.1 C-0.80 C
19888.1 C+0.21 C
19898.2 C+0.28 C
19908.0 C+0.12 C
19917.0 C-0.89 C
19928.2 C+0.32 C
19937.7 C-0.22 C
19949.2 C+1.34 C
19957.6 C-0.33 C
19966.5 C-1.41 C
19978.1 C+0.22 C
19987.9 C+0.01 C
19997.9 C-0.02 C
20008.8 C+0.90 C
20017.8 C-0.05 C
20028.7 C+0.78 C
20038.3 C+0.40 C
20047.6 C-0.34 C
20057.2 C-0.72 C
20067.8 C-0.05 C
20078.4 C+0.52 C
20088.3 C+0.44 C
20098.2 C+0.28 C
20107.2 C-0.68 C
20118.7 C+0.85 C
20128.2 C+0.29 C
20137.8 C-0.08 C
20149.3 C+1.44 C
20159.0 C+1.15 C
20168.8 C+0.92 C
20178.6 C+0.67 C
20189.4 C+1.47 C
20199.1 C+1.21 C
20209.0 C+1.10 C
20217.9 C-0.03 C
20229.4 C+1.53 C
20239.6 C+1.66 C
20249.8 C+1.86 C
20259.0 C+1.15 C

The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.11 C (0.04 to 0.18) per decade over 1936 to 2025. In Fahrenheit: 0.2 F (0.1 to 0.3) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 88 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.

Fitted temperature trends per decade at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
MeasurePer decade (C)Per decade (F)PeriodComplete yearsReading
Annual mean temperature0.11 C (0.04 to 0.18) per decade0.2 F (0.1 to 0.3) per decade1936 to 202588Rise
Mean daily maximum0.2 C (0.2 to 0.3) per decade0.4 F (0.3 to 0.6) per decade1936 to 202588Rise
Mean daily minimum-0.02 C (-0.09 to 0.04) per decade-0.04 F (-0.17 to 0.08) per decade1936 to 202588Not clearly different from zero

A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.

Extremes by Year

1936 to 2026
Yearly extremes at Garmisch-Partenkirchen: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)36.4 C (97.5 F)198431.9 C (89.4 F)91
Coldest night (TNn)-29.3 C (-20.7 F)1956-17.6 C (0.3 F)91
Wettest day (Rx1day)138.2 mm (5.4 in)199951.5 mm (2.0 in)91
Wettest five days (Rx5day)200.3 mm (7.9 in)1981101.9 mm (4.0 in)91
Longest dry spell (CDD)43 days201117 days91

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year The hottest day of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 36.4 C (97.5 F) in 1984, marked on the chart; the median year is 31.9 C (89.4 F). 1020304019401960198020002020Record: 36.4 C (97.5 F) in 1984
The hottest day of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 36.4 C (97.5 F) in 1984, marked on the chart; the median year is 31.9 C (89.4 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
193631.1 C (88.0 F)
193732.7 C (90.9 F)
193831.0 C (87.8 F)
193929.4 C (84.9 F)
194028.9 C (84.0 F)
194132.8 C (91.0 F)
194230.5 C (86.9 F)
194334.2 C (93.6 F)
194432.5 C (90.5 F)
194513.7 C (56.7 F)
194634.6 C (94.3 F)
194734.9 C (94.8 F)
194830.5 C (86.9 F)
194931.7 C (89.1 F)
195032.4 C (90.3 F)
195131.9 C (89.4 F)
195233.8 C (92.8 F)
195331.0 C (87.8 F)
195430.1 C (86.2 F)
195529.6 C (85.3 F)
195628.5 C (83.3 F)
195734.6 C (94.3 F)
195830.5 C (86.9 F)
195930.2 C (86.4 F)
196029.1 C (84.4 F)
196129.6 C (85.3 F)
196231.1 C (88.0 F)
196330.4 C (86.7 F)
196430.1 C (86.2 F)
196532.6 C (90.7 F)
196632.1 C (89.8 F)
196733.2 C (91.8 F)
196828.2 C (82.8 F)
196929.2 C (84.6 F)
197029.3 C (84.7 F)
197131.2 C (88.2 F)
197234.2 C (93.6 F)
197328.4 C (83.1 F)
197431.0 C (87.8 F)
197530.0 C (86.0 F)
197631.2 C (88.2 F)
197730.8 C (87.4 F)
197827.8 C (82.0 F)
197927.5 C (81.5 F)
198034.0 C (93.2 F)
198128.9 C (84.0 F)
198230.4 C (86.7 F)
198336.0 C (96.8 F)
198436.4 C (97.5 F)
198531.8 C (89.2 F)
198631.3 C (88.3 F)
198732.0 C (89.6 F)
198832.2 C (90.0 F)
198932.4 C (90.3 F)
199030.6 C (87.1 F)
199131.6 C (88.9 F)
199232.1 C (89.8 F)
199330.6 C (87.1 F)
199432.7 C (90.9 F)
199533.5 C (92.3 F)
199629.9 C (85.8 F)
199728.3 C (82.9 F)
199832.4 C (90.3 F)
199932.7 C (90.9 F)
200032.6 C (90.7 F)
200130.5 C (86.9 F)
200233.6 C (92.5 F)
200335.5 C (95.9 F)
200429.7 C (85.5 F)
200531.6 C (88.9 F)
200631.9 C (89.4 F)
200733.9 C (93.0 F)
200831.1 C (88.0 F)
200934.5 C (94.1 F)
201032.0 C (89.6 F)
201133.0 C (91.4 F)
201232.4 C (90.3 F)
201336.3 C (97.3 F)
201432.1 C (89.8 F)
201535.8 C (96.4 F)
201631.3 C (88.3 F)
201735.7 C (96.3 F)
201833.8 C (92.8 F)
201934.8 C (94.6 F)
202032.3 C (90.1 F)
202131.0 C (87.8 F)
202234.0 C (93.2 F)
202333.8 C (92.8 F)
202433.0 C (91.4 F)
202532.8 C (91.0 F)
202635.0 C (95.0 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year The coldest night of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is -29.3 C (-20.7 F) in 1956, marked on the chart; the median year is -17.6 C (0.3 F). -30-25-20-15-1019401960198020002020Record: -29.3 C (-20.7 F) in 1956
The coldest night of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is -29.3 C (-20.7 F) in 1956, marked on the chart; the median year is -17.6 C (0.3 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1936-17.1 C (1.2 F)
1937-17.4 C (0.7 F)
1938-19.2 C (-2.6 F)
1939-22.3 C (-8.1 F)
1940-23.0 C (-9.4 F)
1941-19.2 C (-2.6 F)
1942-25.8 C (-14.4 F)
1943-14.9 C (5.2 F)
1944-16.5 C (2.3 F)
1945-20.3 C (-4.5 F)
1946-19.1 C (-2.4 F)
1947-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1948-18.3 C (-0.9 F)
1949-17.9 C (-0.2 F)
1950-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
1951-10.8 C (12.6 F)
1952-17.6 C (0.3 F)
1953-17.1 C (1.2 F)
1954-21.4 C (-6.5 F)
1955-12.7 C (9.1 F)
1956-29.3 C (-20.7 F)
1957-19.8 C (-3.6 F)
1958-14.4 C (6.1 F)
1959-13.1 C (8.4 F)
1960-18.4 C (-1.1 F)
1961-17.5 C (0.5 F)
1962-24.4 C (-11.9 F)
1963-22.4 C (-8.3 F)
1964-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1965-15.3 C (4.5 F)
1966-20.2 C (-4.4 F)
1967-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
1968-21.8 C (-7.2 F)
1969-19.4 C (-2.9 F)
1970-20.0 C (-4.0 F)
1971-20.7 C (-5.3 F)
1972-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1973-23.0 C (-9.4 F)
1974-13.6 C (7.5 F)
1975-17.6 C (0.3 F)
1976-19.3 C (-2.7 F)
1977-16.6 C (2.1 F)
1978-16.1 C (3.0 F)
1979-20.3 C (-4.5 F)
1980-19.7 C (-3.5 F)
1981-20.6 C (-5.1 F)
1982-15.0 C (5.0 F)
1983-20.0 C (-4.0 F)
1984-17.9 C (-0.2 F)
1985-25.1 C (-13.2 F)
1986-20.5 C (-4.9 F)
1987-25.7 C (-14.3 F)
1988-16.0 C (3.2 F)
1989-12.9 C (8.8 F)
1990-15.1 C (4.8 F)
1991-16.9 C (1.6 F)
1992-15.7 C (3.7 F)
1993-15.8 C (3.6 F)
1994-13.9 C (7.0 F)
1995-17.7 C (0.1 F)
1996-19.9 C (-3.8 F)
1997-13.7 C (7.3 F)
1998-16.6 C (2.1 F)
1999-20.2 C (-4.4 F)
2000-20.7 C (-5.3 F)
2001-21.9 C (-7.4 F)
2002-16.3 C (2.7 F)
2003-19.9 C (-3.8 F)
2004-17.1 C (1.2 F)
2005-21.3 C (-6.3 F)
2006-18.7 C (-1.7 F)
2007-14.1 C (6.6 F)
2008-16.6 C (2.1 F)
2009-18.9 C (-2.0 F)
2010-16.2 C (2.8 F)
2011-16.3 C (2.7 F)
2012-22.2 C (-8.0 F)
2013-15.3 C (4.5 F)
2014-14.8 C (5.4 F)
2015-11.4 C (11.5 F)
2016-15.8 C (3.6 F)
2017-21.0 C (-5.8 F)
2018-18.4 C (-1.1 F)
2019-12.4 C (9.7 F)
2020-11.0 C (12.2 F)
2021-16.3 C (2.7 F)
2022-15.2 C (4.6 F)
2023-13.0 C (8.6 F)
2024-14.3 C (6.3 F)
2025-13.2 C (8.2 F)
2026-16.9 C (1.6 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year The wettest day of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 138.2 mm (5.4 in) in 1999, marked on the chart; the median year is 51.5 mm (2.0 in). 05010015019401960198020002020Record: 138.2 mm (5.4 in) in 1999
The wettest day of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 138.2 mm (5.4 in) in 1999, marked on the chart; the median year is 51.5 mm (2.0 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
193645.8 mm (1.8 in)
193773.4 mm (2.9 in)
193832.4 mm (1.3 in)
193940.5 mm (1.6 in)
194082.7 mm (3.3 in)
194143.3 mm (1.7 in)
194259.3 mm (2.3 in)
194336.5 mm (1.4 in)
194452.1 mm (2.1 in)
194528.5 mm (1.1 in)
194650.8 mm (2.0 in)
194757.1 mm (2.2 in)
194848.4 mm (1.9 in)
194945.4 mm (1.8 in)
195046.0 mm (1.8 in)
195159.6 mm (2.3 in)
195246.9 mm (1.8 in)
195356.0 mm (2.2 in)
195475.4 mm (3.0 in)
195563.2 mm (2.5 in)
195662.4 mm (2.5 in)
195782.5 mm (3.2 in)
195848.0 mm (1.9 in)
195994.9 mm (3.7 in)
196033.2 mm (1.3 in)
196151.7 mm (2.0 in)
196251.7 mm (2.0 in)
196336.7 mm (1.4 in)
196457.9 mm (2.3 in)
196572.6 mm (2.9 in)
196655.1 mm (2.2 in)
196739.0 mm (1.5 in)
196854.7 mm (2.2 in)
196930.9 mm (1.2 in)
197078.4 mm (3.1 in)
197146.7 mm (1.8 in)
197234.6 mm (1.4 in)
197348.0 mm (1.9 in)
197460.1 mm (2.4 in)
197555.8 mm (2.2 in)
197654.2 mm (2.1 in)
197789.6 mm (3.5 in)
197858.3 mm (2.3 in)
197965.3 mm (2.6 in)
198031.4 mm (1.2 in)
198188.6 mm (3.5 in)
198240.5 mm (1.6 in)
198348.9 mm (1.9 in)
198460.4 mm (2.4 in)
198572.4 mm (2.9 in)
198653.6 mm (2.1 in)
198756.3 mm (2.2 in)
198869.8 mm (2.7 in)
198938.3 mm (1.5 in)
199061.3 mm (2.4 in)
199145.6 mm (1.8 in)
199244.1 mm (1.7 in)
199361.9 mm (2.4 in)
199434.4 mm (1.4 in)
199542.0 mm (1.7 in)
199654.9 mm (2.2 in)
199753.7 mm (2.1 in)
199850.5 mm (2.0 in)
1999138.2 mm (5.4 in)
200046.2 mm (1.8 in)
200148.4 mm (1.9 in)
200272.8 mm (2.9 in)
200336.2 mm (1.4 in)
200445.3 mm (1.8 in)
2005104.8 mm (4.1 in)
200635.0 mm (1.4 in)
200752.9 mm (2.1 in)
200839.7 mm (1.6 in)
200951.5 mm (2.0 in)
201055.3 mm (2.2 in)
201145.3 mm (1.8 in)
201249.0 mm (1.9 in)
201356.3 mm (2.2 in)
201445.0 mm (1.8 in)
201549.2 mm (1.9 in)
201640.5 mm (1.6 in)
201742.4 mm (1.7 in)
201853.1 mm (2.1 in)
201966.3 mm (2.6 in)
202058.0 mm (2.3 in)
202156.2 mm (2.2 in)
202232.6 mm (1.3 in)
202343.7 mm (1.7 in)
202451.3 mm (2.0 in)
202533.2 mm (1.3 in)
202643.7 mm (1.7 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year The wettest five days of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 200.3 mm (7.9 in) in 1981, marked on the chart; the median year is 101.9 mm (4.0 in). 05010015020025019401960198020002020Record: 200.3 mm (7.9 in) in 1981
The wettest five days of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 200.3 mm (7.9 in) in 1981, marked on the chart; the median year is 101.9 mm (4.0 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
193692.0 mm (3.6 in)
1937106.7 mm (4.2 in)
193877.3 mm (3.0 in)
1939106.9 mm (4.2 in)
1940173.1 mm (6.8 in)
194188.6 mm (3.5 in)
1942110.2 mm (4.3 in)
194367.8 mm (2.7 in)
1944170.7 mm (6.7 in)
194547.5 mm (1.9 in)
1946117.0 mm (4.6 in)
194780.4 mm (3.2 in)
1948111.9 mm (4.4 in)
1949119.9 mm (4.7 in)
195097.6 mm (3.8 in)
1951149.9 mm (5.9 in)
195299.5 mm (3.9 in)
1953106.2 mm (4.2 in)
1954161.4 mm (6.4 in)
195595.5 mm (3.8 in)
1956133.2 mm (5.2 in)
1957129.8 mm (5.1 in)
1958101.9 mm (4.0 in)
1959163.3 mm (6.4 in)
196083.6 mm (3.3 in)
1961105.2 mm (4.1 in)
1962106.8 mm (4.2 in)
196358.3 mm (2.3 in)
1964101.6 mm (4.0 in)
1965105.5 mm (4.2 in)
1966107.1 mm (4.2 in)
1967105.4 mm (4.1 in)
196895.1 mm (3.7 in)
196980.1 mm (3.2 in)
1970167.1 mm (6.6 in)
197182.9 mm (3.3 in)
197285.6 mm (3.4 in)
1973102.6 mm (4.0 in)
1974127.5 mm (5.0 in)
197594.0 mm (3.7 in)
1976100.1 mm (3.9 in)
197797.5 mm (3.8 in)
197888.9 mm (3.5 in)
1979167.3 mm (6.6 in)
198076.8 mm (3.0 in)
1981200.3 mm (7.9 in)
198297.9 mm (3.9 in)
1983127.3 mm (5.0 in)
198485.9 mm (3.4 in)
1985143.0 mm (5.6 in)
198699.9 mm (3.9 in)
198794.6 mm (3.7 in)
198898.5 mm (3.9 in)
198970.6 mm (2.8 in)
1990128.4 mm (5.1 in)
1991108.0 mm (4.3 in)
199285.3 mm (3.4 in)
1993106.0 mm (4.2 in)
199470.1 mm (2.8 in)
1995112.2 mm (4.4 in)
199687.4 mm (3.4 in)
1997101.0 mm (4.0 in)
1998104.1 mm (4.1 in)
1999176.0 mm (6.9 in)
2000100.5 mm (4.0 in)
2001105.0 mm (4.1 in)
2002156.1 mm (6.1 in)
200399.5 mm (3.9 in)
200488.3 mm (3.5 in)
2005171.6 mm (6.8 in)
200687.5 mm (3.4 in)
200777.9 mm (3.1 in)
200891.6 mm (3.6 in)
200983.7 mm (3.3 in)
2010118.8 mm (4.7 in)
201182.6 mm (3.3 in)
201293.3 mm (3.7 in)
2013152.9 mm (6.0 in)
2014101.2 mm (4.0 in)
2015110.8 mm (4.4 in)
201669.2 mm (2.7 in)
2017111.1 mm (4.4 in)
2018107.5 mm (4.2 in)
2019106.4 mm (4.2 in)
2020108.8 mm (4.3 in)
2021110.2 mm (4.3 in)
202286.8 mm (3.4 in)
2023126.5 mm (5.0 in)
2024107.4 mm (4.2 in)
202591.0 mm (3.6 in)
202665.6 mm (2.6 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year The longest dry spell of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 43 days in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 17 days. 102030405019401960198020002020Record: 43 days in 2011
The longest dry spell of the year at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 to 2026. The record is 43 days in 2011, marked on the chart; the median year is 17 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Garmisch-Partenkirchen by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
193624 days
193715 days
193814 days
193920 days
194016 days
194113 days
194216 days
194339 days
194417 days
194510 days
194614 days
194713 days
194817 days
194922 days
195020 days
195134 days
195213 days
195342 days
195411 days
195515 days
195615 days
195718 days
195816 days
195919 days
196011 days
196116 days
196213 days
196317 days
196414 days
196517 days
196611 days
196710 days
196824 days
196921 days
197014 days
197119 days
197222 days
197314 days
197414 days
197524 days
197620 days
197717 days
197829 days
197912 days
198014 days
198116 days
198217 days
198320 days
198420 days
198514 days
198630 days
198714 days
198810 days
198920 days
199017 days
199128 days
199219 days
199318 days
199415 days
199525 days
199618 days
199719 days
199825 days
199917 days
200016 days
200115 days
200219 days
200321 days
200423 days
200520 days
200616 days
200730 days
200819 days
200917 days
201012 days
201143 days
201216 days
201316 days
201416 days
201520 days
201614 days
201713 days
201827 days
201912 days
202013 days
202114 days
202232 days
202320 days
202420 days
202516 days
202616 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Frost Dates and Growing Season

88 years with a frost

Across 88 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Garmisch-Partenkirchen falls on 30 April and the median first autumn frost on 15 October, which leaves a median of 167 days between them.

In 1996 to 2025 the median growing season was 173 days. That is 4 days more than in 1936 to 1967.

Fitted over all years, the growing season changes by +0.6 days per decade at this station.

Frost dates and growing season at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
MeasureMedian, all yearsEarliest period (1936 to 1967)Recent period (1996 to 2025)Recent against earliestFitted trend
Last spring frost30 April26 April28 April2 days later0.0 days per decade
First autumn frost15 October14 October17 October3 days later+0.5 days per decade
Growing days167 days169 days173 days4 days more+0.6 days per decade

A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.

Rainfall Return Levels

88 years, 1936 to 2025

A day with at least 50.7 mm (2.0 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 114.4 mm (4.5 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.

Rainfall return levels at Garmisch-Partenkirchen: the daily rain expected about once in a given number of years
Expected about once inA day with at leastNote
2 years50.7 mm (2.0 in)
5 years65.2 mm (2.6 in)
10 years75.8 mm (3.0 in)
25 years90.3 mm (3.6 in)
50 years102.0 mm (4.0 in)
100 years114.4 mm (4.5 in)Longer than the 88 years of record

The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 88 years of values from 1936 to 2025.

A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.

The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 138.2 mm (5.4 in) in 1999; 104.8 mm (4.1 in) in 2005; 94.9 mm (3.7 in) in 1959.

Station Changes

1 suspected

One change was suspected in the annual mean temperature of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, at 1990. Each is measured against neighbouring stations.

  • Relative to 5 neighbouring stations, the station's annual mean temperature from 1990 ran 0.2 C (0.3 F) lower than in the years before (possible change).
Suspected changes in the annual mean temperature at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, against neighbouring stations
YearShift (C)Shift (F)StrengthNeighbours
1990-0.2-0.3possible5

Possible change at the station (a move, a new instrument or a new site); the record is kept as measured. A "likely" change has a larger test statistic than a "possible" one. Neither says why the station differs from its neighbours. How changes are found, and the largest ones.

Climate Twins

2011 to 2025 against 1961 to 1990

Over 2011 to 2025, Garmisch-Partenkirchen had a mean temperature of 8.9 C (48.0 F) and 1,382.8 mm (54.4 in) of rain a year. The 3 stations whose 1961 to 1990 climate was closest to that are Gospic (Croatia, 466 km away), Schopfheim-Eichen (Germany, 242 km away) and Ross Dam (United States, 8,365 km away).

Climate twins of Garmisch-Partenkirchen: stations whose 1961 to 1990 climate is closest to its 2011 to 2025 climate
Twin stationCountryDistance awayMean temperature, 1961-1990Rain a year, 1961-1990Climate difference
GospicCroatia466 km (290 mi)8.4 C (47.2 F)1,350.4 mm (53.2 in)0.73
Schopfheim-EichenGermany242 km (150 mi)9.2 C (48.6 F)1,235.2 mm (48.6 in)0.77
Ross DamUnited States8,365 km (5,198 mi)9.1 C (48.4 F)1,420.4 mm (55.9 in)0.83

Twins are stations, not cities. A twin is one of the three stations at least 100 km away whose earlier climate is closest to this station's recent one, so a close match does not mean the two places look alike in other ways. A station move or a gap in a record can change that station's averages. The list describes past climate; it is not a forecast and does not say what caused any change. How twins are found, and a search for any station.

Download the Data

  • Data for Garmisch-Partenkirchen standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Garmisch-Partenkirchen threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-14 (14 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-14).