Hot and Dry Summers
The share of stations with a summer that was both hot and dry, each year worldwide, against 1961-1990, and the ten most extreme station summers. Built from NOAA GHCN-Daily station records by this site; every chart states its stations and its period.
Data as of . Last revised (2026-10-17).
Key Facts
- Worldwide, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1886 to 2026, for 9,642 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- Worldwide, 9.1% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (260,438 station summers).
- Worldwide, 16.7% of station summers in 2012-2026 were hot and dry (56,373 station summers).
- Worldwide, 1936 had the highest share: 36.4% of 2,705 stations (985).
- The largest combination of heat and dryness in the data is the summer of 1941 at Kula Sanatorium 267 (United States).
- Each condition holds in one fifth of a station's 1961-1990 summers by construction, so about 4 percent of station summers would be hot and dry if the two were unrelated.
- The same measures are on this page for 4 continents and 25 countries.
How to Read This Page
A summer is June to August for stations at or north of the equator and December to February south of it, with the December from the earlier calendar year. A summer is labelled by the year of its first month. It counts when its three months have at least 80 days of daily maximum temperature and at least 80 days of rain data. A station is in the set when it has at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990.
For each station, a summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A hot and dry summer is both. Each condition holds in one fifth of a station's baseline summers by construction, so if the two were unrelated about 4 percent of station summers would be hot and dry. The chart compares each year with the average of 1961-1990 in this data.
The list of the ten most extreme summers ranks station summers by their temperature z score minus their rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation. Stations are not spread evenly: some regions have many and others few, so a continent or world figure describes the stations in the set and not every place. Every figure here describes what the station records show. It does not say why it changed.
This page has the world, 4 continents and 25 countries with data. Each scope has its own station sets, named in its charts.
Hot and Dry Summers: World
9,642 stations with a 1961-1990 record- Worldwide, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1886 to 2026, for 9,642 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- Worldwide, 9.1% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (260,438 station summers).
- Worldwide, 16.7% of station summers in 2012-2026 were hot and dry (56,373 station summers).
- Worldwide, 1936 had the highest share: 36.4% of 2,705 stations (985).
A summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A summer is hot and dry when it is both. Summer is June to August north of the equator and December to February south of it, labelled by the year of its first month.
Share of stations with a hot and dry summer
| Summer | Stations with a hot and dry summer |
|---|---|
| 1886 | 12.5% |
| 1887 | 24.8% |
| 1888 | 6.8% |
| 1889 | 7.2% |
| 1890 | 2.9% |
| 1891 | 4.3% |
| 1892 | 9.1% |
| 1893 | 16.2% |
| 1894 | 34.3% |
| 1895 | 8.7% |
| 1896 | 7.4% |
| 1897 | 7.7% |
| 1898 | 8.9% |
| 1899 | 15.6% |
| 1900 | 11.9% |
| 1901 | 28.4% |
| 1902 | 11.3% |
| 1903 | 2.5% |
| 1904 | 5.7% |
| 1905 | 5.5% |
| 1906 | 4.2% |
| 1907 | 3.9% |
| 1908 | 7.7% |
| 1909 | 6.8% |
| 1910 | 17.3% |
| 1911 | 18.3% |
| 1912 | 2.0% |
| 1913 | 25.1% |
| 1914 | 13.5% |
| 1915 | 3.8% |
| 1916 | 8.1% |
| 1917 | 11.8% |
| 1918 | 19.3% |
| 1919 | 19.6% |
| 1920 | 4.1% |
| 1921 | 16.6% |
| 1922 | 16.7% |
| 1923 | 7.9% |
| 1924 | 14.8% |
| 1925 | 18.6% |
| 1926 | 8.7% |
| 1927 | 3.9% |
| 1928 | 7.3% |
| 1929 | 15.3% |
| 1930 | 33.5% |
| 1931 | 21.3% |
| 1932 | 11.1% |
| 1933 | 28.1% |
| 1934 | 26.8% |
| 1935 | 11.9% |
| 1936 | 36.4% |
| 1937 | 13.9% |
| 1938 | 14.1% |
| 1939 | 14.8% |
| 1940 | 17.9% |
| 1941 | 7.2% |
| 1942 | 5.9% |
| 1943 | 15.2% |
| 1944 | 14.3% |
| 1945 | 6.5% |
| 1946 | 8.4% |
| 1947 | 11.8% |
| 1948 | 9.1% |
| 1949 | 14.8% |
| 1950 | 5.2% |
| 1951 | 10.9% |
| 1952 | 20.3% |
| 1953 | 18.2% |
| 1954 | 17.3% |
| 1955 | 11.9% |
| 1956 | 10.7% |
| 1957 | 11.2% |
| 1958 | 7.2% |
| 1959 | 17.8% |
| 1960 | 12.2% |
| 1961 | 11.2% |
| 1962 | 8.3% |
| 1963 | 6.2% |
| 1964 | 10.5% |
| 1965 | 2.9% |
| 1966 | 8.7% |
| 1967 | 9.1% |
| 1968 | 4.6% |
| 1969 | 8.3% |
| 1970 | 11.0% |
| 1971 | 5.0% |
| 1972 | 4.5% |
| 1973 | 10.0% |
| 1974 | 4.9% |
| 1975 | 8.6% |
| 1976 | 13.8% |
| 1977 | 6.4% |
| 1978 | 7.5% |
| 1979 | 5.4% |
| 1980 | 20.4% |
| 1981 | 8.4% |
| 1982 | 13.3% |
| 1983 | 22.3% |
| 1984 | 7.8% |
| 1985 | 5.2% |
| 1986 | 7.9% |
| 1987 | 7.6% |
| 1988 | 18.7% |
| 1989 | 7.7% |
| 1990 | 8.0% |
| 1991 | 12.8% |
| 1992 | 5.6% |
| 1993 | 9.3% |
| 1994 | 16.8% |
| 1995 | 12.5% |
| 1996 | 9.9% |
| 1997 | 11.4% |
| 1998 | 15.5% |
| 1999 | 10.8% |
| 2000 | 13.6% |
| 2001 | 12.4% |
| 2002 | 20.3% |
| 2003 | 18.3% |
| 2004 | 7.7% |
| 2005 | 11.7% |
| 2006 | 18.7% |
| 2007 | 15.5% |
| 2008 | 8.5% |
| 2009 | 12.9% |
| 2010 | 10.3% |
| 2011 | 19.5% |
| 2012 | 26.3% |
| 2013 | 13.7% |
| 2014 | 6.0% |
| 2015 | 13.4% |
| 2016 | 15.7% |
| 2017 | 12.7% |
| 2018 | 21.7% |
| 2019 | 14.4% |
| 2020 | 17.6% |
| 2021 | 17.1% |
| 2022 | 23.1% |
| 2023 | 14.8% |
| 2024 | 15.0% |
| 2025 | 17.8% |
| 2026 | 23.1% |
The ten most extreme station summers
| Rank | Station | Country | Summer | Mean daily maximum vs 1961-1990 | Rain, percent of 1961-1990 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1941 | +4.0 C (+7.2 F) | 124% |
| 2 | Presa Pucuato | Mexico | 1993 | +4.6 C (+8.2 F) | 64% |
| 3 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1940 | +3.2 C (+5.8 F) | 128% |
| 4 | El Copital | Mexico | 1997 | +4.5 C (+8.2 F) | 61% |
| 5 | Ljubljana Bezigrad | Slovenia | 2022 | +5.0 C (+9.0 F) | 44% |
| 6 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1937 | +3.1 C (+5.6 F) | 143% |
| 7 | Spicer | United States | 1919 | +4.8 C (+8.7 F) | 21% |
| 8 | Dubrovnik | Croatia | 2022 | +4.6 C (+8.2 F) | 25% |
| 9 | Crawfordsville Pwr Plt | United States | 1933 | +4.4 C (+7.8 F) | 31% |
| 10 | Kocevje | Slovenia | 2022 | +4.7 C (+8.5 F) | 43% |
Ranked by the temperature z score minus the rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation (at least 0.3 C and 5 mm). A summer is labelled by the year of its first month.
All climate measures for World
Hot and Dry Summers: Asia
486 stations with a 1961-1990 record- In Asia, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1951 to 2024, for 486 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- In Asia, 9.3% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (14,145 station summers).
- In Asia, 18.0% of station summers in 2010-2024 were hot and dry (2,732 station summers).
- In Asia, 2023 had the highest share: 31.8% of 157 stations (50).
A summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A summer is hot and dry when it is both. Summer is June to August north of the equator and December to February south of it, labelled by the year of its first month.
Share of stations with a hot and dry summer
| Summer | Stations with a hot and dry summer |
|---|---|
| 1951 | 13.9% |
| 1952 | 8.7% |
| 1953 | 9.1% |
| 1954 | 7.0% |
| 1955 | 15.3% |
| 1956 | 8.2% |
| 1957 | 3.0% |
| 1958 | 10.0% |
| 1959 | 7.7% |
| 1960 | 7.8% |
| 1961 | 13.6% |
| 1962 | 5.7% |
| 1963 | 5.5% |
| 1964 | 5.7% |
| 1965 | 6.8% |
| 1966 | 9.0% |
| 1967 | 17.4% |
| 1968 | 7.4% |
| 1969 | 2.9% |
| 1970 | 4.2% |
| 1971 | 6.3% |
| 1972 | 13.4% |
| 1973 | 14.8% |
| 1974 | 4.1% |
| 1975 | 10.1% |
| 1976 | 2.7% |
| 1977 | 8.9% |
| 1978 | 25.6% |
| 1979 | 6.8% |
| 1980 | 10.1% |
| 1981 | 9.3% |
| 1982 | 7.0% |
| 1983 | 11.8% |
| 1984 | 17.8% |
| 1985 | 5.0% |
| 1986 | 6.1% |
| 1987 | 11.3% |
| 1988 | 10.3% |
| 1989 | 6.8% |
| 1990 | 13.1% |
| 1991 | 10.5% |
| 1992 | 8.3% |
| 1993 | 11.2% |
| 1994 | 14.4% |
| 1995 | 8.9% |
| 1996 | 10.4% |
| 1997 | 23.6% |
| 1998 | 12.5% |
| 1999 | 10.1% |
| 2000 | 24.4% |
| 2001 | 24.1% |
| 2002 | 16.1% |
| 2003 | 9.3% |
| 2004 | 18.9% |
| 2005 | 14.1% |
| 2006 | 16.5% |
| 2007 | 26.3% |
| 2008 | 15.6% |
| 2009 | 17.7% |
| 2010 | 20.7% |
| 2011 | 25.9% |
| 2012 | 13.3% |
| 2014 | 8.3% |
| 2015 | 13.1% |
| 2016 | 14.7% |
| 2017 | 28.4% |
| 2018 | 11.8% |
| 2019 | 4.8% |
| 2020 | 11.2% |
| 2021 | 17.2% |
| 2022 | 25.4% |
| 2023 | 31.8% |
| 2024 | 8.6% |
The ten most extreme station summers
| Rank | Station | Country | Summer | Mean daily maximum vs 1961-1990 | Rain, percent of 1961-1990 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yinchuan | China | 2023 | +4.7 C (+8.4 F) | 27% |
| 2 | Yinchuan | China | 2021 | +4.5 C (+8.0 F) | 20% |
| 3 | Songpan | China | 2022 | +3.9 C (+6.9 F) | 61% |
| 4 | Jiuquan | China | 2023 | +3.7 C (+6.7 F) | 25% |
| 5 | Garze | China | 2022 | +4.4 C (+7.9 F) | 55% |
| 6 | Wushaoling | China | 2023 | +3.8 C (+6.9 F) | 45% |
| 7 | Tikanlik | China | 2024 | +3.5 C (+6.3 F) | 55% |
| 8 | Hami | China | 2023 | +3.5 C (+6.3 F) | 9% |
| 9 | Tikanlik | China | 2023 | +3.5 C (+6.2 F) | 55% |
| 10 | Yumenzhen | China | 2023 | +3.7 C (+6.6 F) | 52% |
Ranked by the temperature z score minus the rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation (at least 0.3 C and 5 mm). A summer is labelled by the year of its first month.
Hot and Dry Summers: Europe
1,762 stations with a 1961-1990 record- In Europe, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1900 to 2026, for 1,762 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- In Europe, 9.4% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (50,048 station summers).
- In Europe, 22.1% of station summers in 2012-2026 were hot and dry (13,834 station summers).
- In Europe, 2022 had the highest share: 50.1% of 804 stations (403).
A summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A summer is hot and dry when it is both. Summer is June to August north of the equator and December to February south of it, labelled by the year of its first month.
Share of stations with a hot and dry summer
| Summer | Stations with a hot and dry summer |
|---|---|
| 1900 | 7.0% |
| 1901 | 19.3% |
| 1902 | 0.0% |
| 1903 | 3.2% |
| 1904 | 25.2% |
| 1905 | 9.6% |
| 1906 | 3.1% |
| 1907 | 5.3% |
| 1908 | 1.4% |
| 1909 | 1.4% |
| 1910 | 2.9% |
| 1911 | 45.1% |
| 1912 | 1.3% |
| 1913 | 3.9% |
| 1914 | 11.3% |
| 1915 | 0.6% |
| 1916 | 1.7% |
| 1917 | 19.0% |
| 1918 | 1.8% |
| 1919 | 3.6% |
| 1920 | 6.1% |
| 1921 | 25.0% |
| 1922 | 5.0% |
| 1923 | 5.8% |
| 1924 | 6.9% |
| 1925 | 9.8% |
| 1926 | 2.6% |
| 1927 | 4.7% |
| 1928 | 15.8% |
| 1929 | 10.6% |
| 1930 | 5.2% |
| 1931 | 8.4% |
| 1932 | 11.1% |
| 1933 | 8.3% |
| 1934 | 8.6% |
| 1935 | 16.7% |
| 1936 | 17.1% |
| 1937 | 13.1% |
| 1938 | 20.5% |
| 1939 | 17.2% |
| 1940 | 8.4% |
| 1941 | 4.1% |
| 1942 | 2.2% |
| 1943 | 8.9% |
| 1944 | 6.5% |
| 1945 | 7.2% |
| 1946 | 11.1% |
| 1947 | 30.7% |
| 1948 | 4.9% |
| 1949 | 19.9% |
| 1950 | 12.8% |
| 1951 | 9.6% |
| 1952 | 25.3% |
| 1953 | 8.9% |
| 1954 | 7.2% |
| 1955 | 16.9% |
| 1956 | 1.7% |
| 1957 | 5.5% |
| 1958 | 4.7% |
| 1959 | 35.4% |
| 1960 | 3.8% |
| 1961 | 3.9% |
| 1962 | 5.6% |
| 1963 | 3.3% |
| 1964 | 20.1% |
| 1965 | 2.1% |
| 1966 | 3.3% |
| 1967 | 5.7% |
| 1968 | 4.0% |
| 1969 | 16.7% |
| 1970 | 6.6% |
| 1971 | 3.7% |
| 1972 | 8.6% |
| 1973 | 20.8% |
| 1974 | 2.9% |
| 1975 | 25.7% |
| 1976 | 35.8% |
| 1977 | 1.4% |
| 1978 | 0.5% |
| 1979 | 3.0% |
| 1980 | 7.4% |
| 1981 | 7.1% |
| 1982 | 11.6% |
| 1983 | 36.3% |
| 1984 | 5.6% |
| 1985 | 3.4% |
| 1986 | 6.8% |
| 1987 | 2.1% |
| 1988 | 6.0% |
| 1989 | 10.4% |
| 1990 | 8.9% |
| 1991 | 13.9% |
| 1992 | 11.8% |
| 1993 | 5.5% |
| 1994 | 20.9% |
| 1995 | 22.6% |
| 1996 | 7.9% |
| 1997 | 13.6% |
| 1998 | 15.1% |
| 1999 | 15.2% |
| 2000 | 9.1% |
| 2001 | 13.0% |
| 2002 | 11.2% |
| 2003 | 35.9% |
| 2004 | 8.2% |
| 2005 | 14.0% |
| 2006 | 22.8% |
| 2007 | 11.2% |
| 2008 | 12.2% |
| 2009 | 11.7% |
| 2010 | 13.9% |
| 2011 | 9.9% |
| 2012 | 16.9% |
| 2013 | 25.9% |
| 2014 | 11.7% |
| 2015 | 24.4% |
| 2016 | 16.9% |
| 2017 | 11.3% |
| 2018 | 38.8% |
| 2019 | 29.6% |
| 2020 | 13.0% |
| 2021 | 15.2% |
| 2022 | 50.1% |
| 2023 | 10.0% |
| 2024 | 12.1% |
| 2025 | 22.1% |
| 2026 | 45.1% |
The ten most extreme station summers
| Rank | Station | Country | Summer | Mean daily maximum vs 1961-1990 | Rain, percent of 1961-1990 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ljubljana Bezigrad | Slovenia | 2022 | +5.0 C (+9.0 F) | 44% |
| 2 | Dubrovnik | Croatia | 2022 | +4.6 C (+8.2 F) | 25% |
| 3 | Kocevje | Slovenia | 2022 | +4.7 C (+8.5 F) | 43% |
| 4 | Nova Vas Na Blokah | Slovenia | 2022 | +4.9 C (+8.9 F) | 55% |
| 5 | Verona Villafranca | Italy | 2012 | +4.7 C (+8.5 F) | 20% |
| 6 | Smartno Pri Slovenj Gradcu | Slovenia | 2022 | +4.4 C (+7.9 F) | 57% |
| 7 | Budapest | Hungary | 2026 | +5.0 C (+8.9 F) | 15% |
| 8 | Zadar | Croatia | 2022 | +3.8 C (+6.8 F) | 32% |
| 9 | Vojsko | Slovenia | 2019 | +4.5 C (+8.0 F) | 62% |
| 10 | Zadar | Croatia | 2017 | +3.6 C (+6.5 F) | 22% |
Ranked by the temperature z score minus the rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation (at least 0.3 C and 5 mm). A summer is labelled by the year of its first month.
All climate measures for Europe
Hot and Dry Summers: North America
6,911 stations with a 1961-1990 record- In North America, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1893 to 2026, for 6,911 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- In North America, 9.1% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (183,690 station summers).
- In North America, 14.7% of station summers in 2012-2026 were hot and dry (38,332 station summers).
- In North America, 1894 had the highest share: 42.9% of 373 stations (160).
A summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A summer is hot and dry when it is both. Summer is June to August north of the equator and December to February south of it, labelled by the year of its first month.
Share of stations with a hot and dry summer
| Summer | Stations with a hot and dry summer |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 17.1% |
| 1894 | 42.9% |
| 1895 | 9.0% |
| 1896 | 7.8% |
| 1897 | 6.7% |
| 1898 | 10.0% |
| 1899 | 15.2% |
| 1900 | 11.6% |
| 1901 | 29.1% |
| 1902 | 12.3% |
| 1903 | 2.3% |
| 1904 | 3.0% |
| 1905 | 4.7% |
| 1906 | 4.3% |
| 1907 | 3.8% |
| 1908 | 8.8% |
| 1909 | 7.5% |
| 1910 | 19.5% |
| 1911 | 15.1% |
| 1912 | 2.0% |
| 1913 | 27.8% |
| 1914 | 13.7% |
| 1915 | 4.0% |
| 1916 | 9.1% |
| 1917 | 11.1% |
| 1918 | 21.0% |
| 1919 | 21.7% |
| 1920 | 3.8% |
| 1921 | 16.0% |
| 1922 | 18.1% |
| 1923 | 8.2% |
| 1924 | 16.2% |
| 1925 | 19.5% |
| 1926 | 9.8% |
| 1927 | 3.8% |
| 1928 | 6.1% |
| 1929 | 15.9% |
| 1930 | 38.4% |
| 1931 | 23.5% |
| 1932 | 11.2% |
| 1933 | 31.8% |
| 1934 | 30.0% |
| 1935 | 11.5% |
| 1936 | 41.7% |
| 1937 | 14.0% |
| 1938 | 13.0% |
| 1939 | 13.8% |
| 1940 | 19.8% |
| 1941 | 7.9% |
| 1942 | 6.6% |
| 1943 | 16.7% |
| 1944 | 15.7% |
| 1945 | 6.4% |
| 1946 | 8.1% |
| 1947 | 7.1% |
| 1948 | 10.0% |
| 1949 | 13.7% |
| 1950 | 3.5% |
| 1951 | 10.8% |
| 1952 | 20.5% |
| 1953 | 21.8% |
| 1954 | 21.1% |
| 1955 | 10.4% |
| 1956 | 13.4% |
| 1957 | 13.4% |
| 1958 | 7.8% |
| 1959 | 14.7% |
| 1960 | 14.6% |
| 1961 | 13.5% |
| 1962 | 9.6% |
| 1963 | 7.0% |
| 1964 | 8.3% |
| 1965 | 2.8% |
| 1966 | 10.3% |
| 1967 | 9.3% |
| 1968 | 4.2% |
| 1969 | 6.7% |
| 1970 | 13.2% |
| 1971 | 5.3% |
| 1972 | 2.4% |
| 1973 | 7.4% |
| 1974 | 5.5% |
| 1975 | 4.4% |
| 1976 | 9.0% |
| 1977 | 7.5% |
| 1978 | 8.3% |
| 1979 | 5.2% |
| 1980 | 25.5% |
| 1981 | 7.8% |
| 1982 | 12.4% |
| 1983 | 20.7% |
| 1984 | 7.4% |
| 1985 | 5.9% |
| 1986 | 8.4% |
| 1987 | 8.8% |
| 1988 | 24.6% |
| 1989 | 6.7% |
| 1990 | 7.1% |
| 1991 | 13.0% |
| 1992 | 3.7% |
| 1993 | 10.5% |
| 1994 | 16.2% |
| 1995 | 10.1% |
| 1996 | 10.8% |
| 1997 | 9.1% |
| 1998 | 16.1% |
| 1999 | 10.0% |
| 2000 | 14.0% |
| 2001 | 11.8% |
| 2002 | 23.5% |
| 2003 | 14.2% |
| 2004 | 6.1% |
| 2005 | 10.3% |
| 2006 | 17.9% |
| 2007 | 16.6% |
| 2008 | 7.0% |
| 2009 | 12.6% |
| 2010 | 8.6% |
| 2011 | 23.1% |
| 2012 | 31.4% |
| 2013 | 7.0% |
| 2014 | 3.3% |
| 2015 | 9.0% |
| 2016 | 15.3% |
| 2017 | 12.5% |
| 2018 | 14.3% |
| 2019 | 10.2% |
| 2020 | 20.4% |
| 2021 | 17.7% |
| 2022 | 14.0% |
| 2023 | 15.5% |
| 2024 | 15.7% |
| 2025 | 15.5% |
| 2026 | 17.7% |
The ten most extreme station summers
| Rank | Station | Country | Summer | Mean daily maximum vs 1961-1990 | Rain, percent of 1961-1990 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1941 | +4.0 C (+7.2 F) | 124% |
| 2 | Presa Pucuato | Mexico | 1993 | +4.6 C (+8.2 F) | 64% |
| 3 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1940 | +3.2 C (+5.8 F) | 128% |
| 4 | El Copital | Mexico | 1997 | +4.5 C (+8.2 F) | 61% |
| 5 | Kula Sanatorium 267 | United States | 1937 | +3.1 C (+5.6 F) | 143% |
| 6 | Spicer | United States | 1919 | +4.8 C (+8.7 F) | 21% |
| 7 | Crawfordsville Pwr Plt | United States | 1933 | +4.4 C (+7.8 F) | 31% |
| 8 | Champoton (Smn) | Mexico | 1923 | +5.0 C (+9.0 F) | 63% |
| 9 | Bull Harbour | Canada | 1923 | +4.6 C (+8.2 F) | 34% |
| 10 | Crescent City 3 NNW | United States | 1932 | +4.9 C (+8.7 F) | 33% |
Ranked by the temperature z score minus the rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation (at least 0.3 C and 5 mm). A summer is labelled by the year of its first month.
All climate measures for North America
Hot and Dry Summers: Oceania
410 stations with a 1961-1990 record- In Oceania, the share of stations with a hot and dry summer is shown for each year from 1957 to 2025, for 410 stations with at least 20 complete summers in 1961-1990. Each year counts the stations of that set with a complete summer in the year.
- In Oceania, 8.1% of station summers in 1961-1990 were hot and dry (10,571 station summers).
- In Oceania, 16.7% of station summers in 2011-2025 were hot and dry (2,149 station summers).
- In Oceania, 1982 had the highest share: 41.6% of 389 stations (162).
A summer is hot when its mean daily maximum is at or above the station's 80th percentile of its 1961-1990 summers, and dry when its rain is at or below the 20th percentile. A summer is hot and dry when it is both. Summer is June to August north of the equator and December to February south of it, labelled by the year of its first month.
Share of stations with a hot and dry summer
| Summer | Stations with a hot and dry summer |
|---|---|
| 1957 | 13.4% |
| 1958 | 2.5% |
| 1959 | 2.1% |
| 1960 | 19.2% |
| 1961 | 1.9% |
| 1962 | 0.9% |
| 1963 | 2.9% |
| 1964 | 12.8% |
| 1965 | 2.3% |
| 1966 | 2.0% |
| 1967 | 8.5% |
| 1968 | 10.2% |
| 1969 | 3.9% |
| 1970 | 3.7% |
| 1971 | 4.5% |
| 1972 | 7.8% |
| 1973 | 2.6% |
| 1974 | 3.4% |
| 1975 | 3.1% |
| 1976 | 12.5% |
| 1977 | 4.0% |
| 1978 | 3.5% |
| 1979 | 16.3% |
| 1980 | 8.5% |
| 1981 | 22.1% |
| 1982 | 41.6% |
| 1983 | 1.3% |
| 1984 | 9.8% |
| 1985 | 4.4% |
| 1986 | 6.1% |
| 1987 | 8.7% |
| 1988 | 3.0% |
| 1989 | 11.0% |
| 1990 | 11.1% |
| 1991 | 5.6% |
| 1992 | 2.4% |
| 1993 | 7.1% |
| 1994 | 8.5% |
| 1995 | 4.3% |
| 1996 | 5.1% |
| 1997 | 23.4% |
| 1998 | 11.2% |
| 1999 | 2.2% |
| 2000 | 18.4% |
| 2001 | 8.1% |
| 2002 | 15.4% |
| 2003 | 4.4% |
| 2004 | 16.4% |
| 2005 | 21.3% |
| 2006 | 14.7% |
| 2007 | 5.3% |
| 2008 | 4.7% |
| 2009 | 16.6% |
| 2010 | 3.8% |
| 2011 | 1.5% |
| 2012 | 19.1% |
| 2013 | 31.6% |
| 2014 | 11.3% |
| 2015 | 10.5% |
| 2016 | 15.6% |
| 2017 | 15.1% |
| 2018 | 35.8% |
| 2019 | 10.6% |
| 2020 | 4.0% |
| 2021 | 19.2% |
| 2022 | 13.8% |
| 2023 | 8.7% |
| 2024 | 27.7% |
| 2025 | 30.3% |
The ten most extreme station summers
| Rank | Station | Country | Summer | Mean daily maximum vs 1961-1990 | Rain, percent of 1961-1990 mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Double Island Point Lighthouse | Australia | 1997 | +3.4 C (+6.1 F) | 24% |
| 2 | Yap Island WSO AP | Federated States of Micronesia | 2016 | +2.2 C (+3.9 F) | 70% |
| 3 | Cape Moreton Lighthouse | Australia | 2016 | +2.7 C (+4.8 F) | 20% |
| 4 | Cape Otway Lighthouse | Australia | 1897 | +4.4 C (+7.9 F) | 36% |
| 5 | Bundaberg Post Office | Australia | 1896 | +4.4 C (+7.8 F) | 57% |
| 6 | Eddystone Point | Australia | 2009 | +3.1 C (+5.6 F) | 46% |
| 7 | Eddystone Point | Australia | 2015 | +3.3 C (+5.9 F) | 68% |
| 8 | Double Island Point Lighthouse | Australia | 2001 | +3.0 C (+5.4 F) | 41% |
| 9 | Eddystone Point | Australia | 2018 | +3.2 C (+5.7 F) | 64% |
| 10 | Eddystone Point | Australia | 2002 | +2.7 C (+4.9 F) | 32% |
Ranked by the temperature z score minus the rain z score against the station's own 1961-1990 mean and standard deviation (at least 0.3 C and 5 mm). A summer is labelled by the year of its first month.
All climate measures for Oceania
Countries
25 with data| Country | Stations | Hot and dry, 1961-1990 | Hot and dry, latest 15 years (2012-2026) | Change in percentage points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia | 13 | 9.8% | 45.0% | +35.2 |
| Slovenia | 10 | 7.7% | 43.6% | +35.8 |
| Spain | 68 | 7.6% | 32.8% | +25.2 |
| Germany | 434 | 11.7% | 31.0% | +19.3 |
| Romania | 22 | 9.4% | 30.8% | +21.3 |
| France | 42 | 8.7% | 21.3% | +12.6 |
| China | 200 | 9.1% | 19.6% | +10.6 |
| United Kingdom | 88 | 12.9% | 18.7% | +5.8 |
| Russia | 543 | 8.0% | 18.3% | +10.3 |
| Australia | 400 | 8.1% | 16.6% | +8.4 |
| Japan | 152 | 9.1% | 16.4% | +7.3 |
| Belarus | 15 | 4.1% | 15.8% | +11.7 |
| United States | 4,697 | 9.3% | 14.8% | +5.4 |
| Mexico | 1,556 | 8.3% | 14.0% | +5.7 |
| Estonia | 20 | 6.3% | 13.9% | +7.6 |
| Ukraine | 22 | 6.9% | 13.6% | +6.7 |
| South Africa | 13 | 6.9% | 11.9% | +5.0 |
| Finland | 107 | 6.5% | 10.8% | +4.3 |
| Norway | 69 | 8.9% | 9.3% | +0.4 |
| Kazakhstan | 32 | 10.0% | 8.7% | -1.2 |
| Canada | 626 | 9.5% | 8.6% | -0.9 |
| Sweden | 222 | 10.3% | 8.0% | -2.3 |
| Ethiopia | 10 | 6.9% | 6.4% | -0.6 |
| Puerto Rico [United States] | 22 | 5.4% | 5.3% | 0.0 |
| Thailand | 43 | 8.3% | 2.8% | -5.6 |
Each share is the number of hot and dry station summers divided by all station summers in the period, so every station counts in proportion to the summers it has. By construction about 4 percent would be hot and dry if heat and dryness were unrelated.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-17. The figures are computed by this site from daily station records. They describe the stations in each set, not every place.